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Interactive proof assistants are computer programs carefully constructed to check a human-designed proof of a mathematical claim with high confidence in the implementation. However, this only validates truth of a formal claim, which may…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Colin S. Gordon , Sergey Matskevich

Interactive proof assistants make it possible for ordinary mathematicians to write definitions and theorems in a formal proof language, like a programming language, so that a computer can parse them and check them against the rules of a…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2024-11-20 Jeremy Avigad , Johan Commelin , Heather Macbeth , Adam Topaz

Artificial intelligence assisted mathematical proof has become a highly focused area nowadays. One key problem in this field is to generate formal mathematical proofs from natural language proofs. Due to historical reasons, the formal proof…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Lihan Xie , Zhicheng Hui , Qinxiang Cao

This paper proposes a natural language translation method for machine-verifiable formal proofs that leverages the informalization (verbalization of formal language proof steps) and summarization capabilities of LLMs. For evaluation, it was…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Seiji Hattori , Takuya Matsuzaki , Makoto Fujiwara

Automatic verification deals with the validation by means of computers of correctness certificates. The related tools, usually called proof assistants or interactive provers, provide an interactive environment for the creation of formal…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-01-16 Andrea Asperti

Verifying software correctness has always been an important and complicated task. Recently, formal proofs of critical properties of algorithms and even implementations are becoming practical. Currently, the most powerful automated proof…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-04-10 Michael Raskin , Christoph Welzel

In order to work with mathematical content in computer systems, it is necessary to represent it in formal languages. Ideally, these are supported by tools that verify the correctness of the content, allow computing with it, and produce…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-05-27 Cezary Kaliszyk , Florian Rabe

Formal software specification is known to enable early error detection and explicit invariants, yet it has seen limited industrial adoption due to its high notation overhead and the expertise required to use traditional formal languages.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Antonio Abu Nassar , Eitan Farchi

There are two kinds of systems that programming language researchers use for their work. Semantics engineering tools let them interactively explore their definitions, while proof assistants can be used to check the proofs of their…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Jan Liam Verter , Tomas Petricek

Early stages of system development involve outlining desired features such as functionality, availability, or usability. Specifications are derived from these features that concretize vague ideas presented in natural languages. The…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-10-09 Rongjie Yan , Chih-Hong Cheng , Guangquan Zhang , Yesheng Chai

Due to their numerous advantages, formal proofs and proof assistants, such as Coq, are becoming increasingly popular. However, one disadvantage of using proof assistants is that the resulting proofs can sometimes be hard to read and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-12-12 Andrew Bedford

Software correctness is ensured mathematically through formal verification, which involves the resources of generating formal requirement specifications and having an implementation that must be verified. Tools such as model-checkers and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Arshad Beg , Diarmuid O'Donoghue , Rosemary Monahan

In parallel to the ever-growing usage of mechanized proofs in diverse areas of mathematics and computer science, proof assistants are used more and more for education. This paper surveys previous work related to the use of proof assistants…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Frédéric Tran Minh , Laure Gonnord , Julien Narboux

Our research is part of a wider project that aims to investigate and reason about the correctness of scheme-based source code transformations of Erlang programs. In order to formally reason about the definition of a programming language and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Péter Bereczky , Dániel Horpácsi , Simon Thompson

Formal verification provides strong guarantees of correctness of software, which are especially important in safety or security critical systems. Hoare logic is a widely used formalism for rigorous verification of software against…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-03-11 Jayaraj Poroor

Interactive theorem provers (ITPs) are powerful tools for the formal verification of mathematical proofs down to the axiom level. However, their lack of a natural language interface remains a significant limitation. Recent advancements in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Xiaolin Hu , Qinghua Zhou , Bogdan Grechuk , Ivan Y. Tyukin

Development of formal proofs of correctness of programs can increase actual and perceived reliability and facilitate better understanding of program specifications and their underlying assumptions. Tools supporting such development have…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Talia Ringer , Karl Palmskog , Ilya Sergey , Milos Gligoric , Zachary Tatlock

Proof assistants are software-based tools that are used in the mechanization of proof construction and validation in mathematics and computer science, and also in certified program development. Different tools are being increasingly used in…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-05-04 Marcus Vinícius Midena Ramos , Ruy J. G. B. de Queiroz

Data analysis is challenging as it requires synthesizing domain knowledge, statistical expertise, and programming skills. Assistants powered by large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, can assist analysts by translating natural…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Ken Gu , Ruoxi Shang , Tim Althoff , Chenglong Wang , Steven M. Drucker

Abstract interpreters are complex pieces of software: even if the abstract interpretation theory and companion algorithms are well understood, their implementations are subject to bugs, that might question the soundness of their…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Lucas Franceschino , David Pichardie , Jean-Pierre Talpin
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