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Should prediction models always deliver a prediction? In the pursuit of maximum predictive performance, critical considerations of reliability and fairness are often overshadowed, particularly when it comes to the role of uncertainty.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Anna Sokol , Nuno Moniz , Nitesh Chawla

Recent advancements in machine learning have emphasized the need for transparency in model predictions, particularly as interpretability diminishes when using increasingly complex architectures. In this paper, we propose leveraging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Chenrui Zhu , Louenas Bounia , Vu Linh Nguyen , Sébastien Destercke , Arthur Hoarau

Machine learning (ML) models always make a prediction, even when they are likely to be wrong. This causes problems in practical applications, as we do not know if we should trust a prediction. ML with reject option addresses this issue by…

Confident prediction is highly relevant in machine learning; for example, in applications such as medical diagnoses, wrong prediction can be fatal. For classification, there already exist procedures that allow to not classify data when the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-07-28 Christophe Denis , Mohamed Hebiri

Recommender systems often benefit from complex feature embeddings and deep learning algorithms, which deliver sophisticated recommendations that enhance user experience, engagement, and revenue. However, these methods frequently reduce the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Irina Arévalo , Jose L Salmeron

We propose a new Reject Option Classification technique to identify and remove regions of uncertainty in the decision space for a given neural classifier and dataset. Such existing formulations employ a learned rejection (remove)/selection…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Nicholas Kashani Motlagh , Jim Davis , Tim Anderson , Jeremy Gwinnup

Transparency is an essential requirement of machine learning based decision making systems that are deployed in real world. Often, transparency of a given system is achieved by providing explanations of the behavior and predictions of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-18 André Artelt , Barbara Hammer

We motivate why the science of learning to reject model predictions is central to ML, and why human computation has a lead role in this effort.

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-15 Burcu Sayin , Jie Yang , Andrea Passerini , Fabio Casati

A key component of building safe and reliable language models is enabling the models to appropriately refuse to follow certain instructions or answer certain questions. We may want models to output refusal messages for various categories of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Neel Jain , Aditya Shrivastava , Chenyang Zhu , Daben Liu , Alfy Samuel , Ashwinee Panda , Anoop Kumar , Micah Goldblum , Tom Goldstein

The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into various industries has introduced new challenges in governance and regulation, particularly regarding the understanding of complex AI systems. A critical demand from decision-makers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Cristian Munoz , Kleyton da Costa , Bernardo Modenesi , Adriano Koshiyama

Selective classification allows models to abstain from making predictions (e.g., say "I don't know") when in doubt in order to obtain better effective accuracy. While typical selective models can be effective at producing more accurate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Adam Fisch , Tommi Jaakkola , Regina Barzilay

Counterfactual explanation is an important Explainable AI technique to explain machine learning predictions. Despite being studied actively, existing optimization-based methods often assume that the underlying machine-learning model is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Wenzhuo Yang , Jia Li , Caiming Xiong , Steven C. H. Hoi

Classification with rejection emerges as a learning paradigm which allows models to abstain from making predictions. The predominant approach is to alter the supervised learning pipeline by augmenting typical loss functions, letting model…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-09 Alexander Soen , Hisham Husain , Philip Schulz , Vu Nguyen

Automated Machine Learning-based systems' integration into a wide range of tasks has expanded as a result of their performance and speed. Although there are numerous advantages to employing ML-based systems, if they are not interpretable,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Ioannis Mollas , Nick Bassiliades , Grigorios Tsoumakas

Learning to Reject (LtR) frameworks allow ML models to abstain from uncertain predictions and promote user trust. However, since current LtR strategies focus solely on predictive performance, they completely neglect explanation quality.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Luca Stradiotti , Dario Pesenti , Stefano Teso , Jesse Davis

With the increasing impact of algorithmic decision-making on human lives, the interpretability of models has become a critical issue in machine learning. Counterfactual explanation is an important method in the field of interpretable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Ao Xu , Tieru Wu

Explaining the behavior of a black box machine learning model at the instance level is useful for building trust. However, it is also important to understand how the model behaves globally. Such an understanding provides insight into both…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-18 Nikaash Puri , Piyush Gupta , Pratiksha Agarwal , Sukriti Verma , Balaji Krishnamurthy

Learning-to-rank (LTR) is a class of supervised learning techniques that apply to ranking problems dealing with a large number of features. The popularity and widespread application of LTR models in prioritizing information in a variety of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Jaspreet Singh , Zhenye Wang , Megha Khosla , Avishek Anand

In Explainable AI, rule extraction translates model knowledge into logical rules, such as IF-THEN statements, crucial for understanding patterns learned by black-box models. This could significantly aid in fields like disease diagnosis,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Yu Chen , Tianyu Cui , Alexander Capstick , Nan Fletcher-Loyd , Payam Barnaghi

Interpretable Machine Learning faces a recurring challenge of explaining the predictions made by opaque classifiers such as ensemble models, kernel methods, or neural networks in terms that are understandable to humans. When the model is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Frederic Koriche , Jean-Marie Lagniez , Stefan Mengel , Chi Tran