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Ising machines are an emerging class of hardware that promises ultrafast and energy-efficient solutions to NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. Spatial photonic Ising machines (SPIMs) exploit optical computing in free space to…

The growth of artificial intelligence and IoT has created a significant computational load for solving non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP)-hard problems, which are difficult to solve using conventional computers. The Ising computer,…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Jia Si , Shuhan Yang , Yunuo Cen , Jiaer Chen , Zhaoyang Yao , Dong-Jun Kim , Kaiming Cai , Jerald Yoo , Xuanyao Fong , Hyunsoo Yang

Probabilistic computing is an emerging quantum-inspired computing paradigm capable of solving combinatorial optimization and various other classes of computationally hard problems. In this work, we present pc-COP, an efficient and…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Kiran Magar , Shreya Bharathan , Utsav Banerjee

Digital computers store information in the form of bits that can take on one of two values 0 and 1, while quantum computers are based on qubits that are described by a complex wavefunction, whose squared magnitude gives the probability of…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Jan Kaiser , Supriyo Datta

Ising machines are a form of quantum-inspired processing-in-memory computer which has shown great promise for overcoming the limitations of traditional computing paradigms while operating at a fraction of the energy use. The process of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-18 Isaac K. Martin , Andrew G. Moore , John T. Daly , Jess J. Meyer , Teresa M. Ranadive

Spiking neural network is a kind of neuromorphic computing that is believed to improve the level of intelligence and provide advantages for quantum computing. In this work, we address this issue by designing an optical spiking neural…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-25 Bo Lu , Yong-Pan Gao , Kai Wen , Chuan Wang

In VLSI physical design, many algorithms require the solution of difficult combinatorial optimization problems such as max/min-cut, max-flow problems etc. Due to the vast number of elements typically found in this problem domain, these…

Computational Physics · Physics 2019-03-18 Chase Cook , Hengyang Zhao , Takashi Sato , Masayuki Hiromoto , Sheldon X. -D. Tan

Dynamical Ising machines are actively investigated from the perspective of finding efficient heuristics for NP-hard optimization problems. However, the existing data demonstrate super-polynomial scaling of the running time with the system…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-05-24 Mikhail Erementchouk , Aditya Shukla , Pinaki Mazumder

Directed acyclic graphs or Bayesian networks that are popular in many AI related sectors for probabilistic inference and causal reasoning can be mapped to probabilistic circuits built out of probabilistic bits (p-bits), analogous to binary…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Rafatul Faria , Jan Kaiser , Kerem Y. Camsari , Supriyo Datta

The growing field of quantum computing is based on the concept of a q-bit which is a delicate superposition of 0 and 1, requiring cryogenic temperatures for its physical realization along with challenging coherent coupling techniques for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-23 Kerem Y. Camsari , Shuvro Chowdhury , Supriyo Datta

Superparamagnetic tunnel junctions (SMTJs) are promising sources of randomness for compact and energy efficient implementations of probabilistic computing techniques. Augmenting an SMTJ with electronic circuits, to convert the random…

A linear-time algorithm is presented for the construction of the Gibbs distribution of configurations in the Ising model, on a quantum computer. The algorithm is designed so that each run provides one configuration with a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-30 Daniel A. Lidar , Ofer Biham

Solving combinatorial optimization problems efficiently through emerging hardware by converting the problem to its equivalent Ising model and obtaining its ground state is known as Ising computing. Phase-binarized oscillators (PBO), modeled…

Many hard combinatorial problems can be mapped onto Ising models, which replicate the behavior of classical spins. Recent advances in probabilistic computers are characterized by parallelization and the introduction of novel hardware…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-11-10 Andrew Rockovich , Gregory Lafyatis , Daniel J. Gauthier

We propose a network of open-dissipative quantum oscillators with optical error correction circuits. In the proposed network, the squeezed/anti-squeezed vacuum states of the constituent optical parametric oscillators below the threshold…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-18 Sam Reifenstein , Satoshi Kako , Farad Khoyratee , Timothée Leleu , Yoshihisa Yamamoto

The success of the transistor as the cornerstone of digital computation motivates analogous efforts to identify an equivalent hardware primitive, the probabilistic bit or p-bit, for the emerging paradigm of probabilistic computing. Here, we…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-02-05 Abir Hasan , Nikhil Shukla

Probabilistic spin logic (PSL), based on networks of binary stochastic neurons (or p-bits), has been shown to provide a viable framework for many functionalities including Ising computing, Bayesian inference, invertible Boolean logic and…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-02-11 Orchi Hassan , Kerem Y. Camsari , Supriyo Datta

A spatial photonic Ising machine (SPIM) handles large-scale combinatorial optimization problems owing to optical processing with spatial parallelism. However, iterative feedback in the search for optimal solutions limits processing speed…

Optics · Physics 2025-02-27 Suguru Shimomura , Jun Tanida , Yusuke Ogura

In recent years, quantum Ising machines have drawn a lot of attention, but due to physical implementation constraints, it has been difficult to achieve dense coupling, such as full coupling with sufficient spins to handle practical…

Combinatorial optimization problems represent a wide range of real-world scenarios where complicated interactions make it difficult to find the best solution. One example is the quadratic assignment problem (QAP), which involves determining…