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We present a brief history of the field of interpretable machine learning (IML), give an overview of state-of-the-art interpretation methods, and discuss challenges. Research in IML has boomed in recent years. As young as the field is, it…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-01-24 Christoph Molnar , Giuseppe Casalicchio , Bernd Bischl

Multi-label classification (MLC) is a supervised learning problem in which, contrary to standard multiclass classification, an instance can be associated with several class labels simultaneously. In this chapter, we advocate a rule-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Eneldo Loza Mencía , Johannes Fürnkranz , Eyke Hüllermeier , Michael Rapp

Multi-agent robotic systems are increasingly operating in real-world environments in close proximity to humans, yet are largely controlled by policy models with inscrutable deep neural network representations. We introduce a method for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Renos Zabounidis , Joseph Campbell , Simon Stepputtis , Dana Hughes , Katia Sycara

Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) systems learn generalised, interpretable rules in a data-efficient manner utilising existing background knowledge. However, current ILP systems require training examples to be specified in a structured…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-28 Daniel Cunnington , Alessandra Russo , Mark Law , Jorge Lobo , Lance Kaplan

Interpretability is a pressing issue for machine learning. Common approaches to interpretable machine learning constrain interactions between features of the input, rendering the effects of those features on a model's output comprehensible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Kieran A. Murphy , Dani S. Bassett

Recent years have witnessed the rapid growth of machine learning in a wide range of fields such as image recognition, text classification, credit scoring prediction, recommendation system, etc. In spite of their great performance in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Guandong Xu , Tri Dung Duong , Qian Li , Shaowu Liu , Xianzhi Wang

Personalisation of products and services is fast becoming the driver of success in banking and commerce. Machine learning holds the promise of gaining a deeper understanding of and tailoring to customers' needs and preferences. Whereas…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Charl Maree , Christian Omlin

Imitation learning, which learns agent policy by mimicking expert demonstration, has shown promising results in many applications such as medical treatment regimes and self-driving vehicles. However, it remains a difficult task to interpret…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Tianxiang Zhao , Wenchao Yu , Suhang Wang , Lu Wang , Xiang Zhang , Yuncong Chen , Yanchi Liu , Wei Cheng , Haifeng Chen

Many risk-sensitive applications require Machine Learning (ML) models to be interpretable. Attempts to obtain interpretable models typically rely on tuning, by trial-and-error, hyper-parameters of model complexity that are only loosely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-29 Marco Virgolin , Andrea De Lorenzo , Eric Medvet , Francesca Randone

We present FOLD-SE, an efficient, explainable machine learning algorithm for classification tasks given tabular data containing numerical and categorical values. FOLD-SE generates a set of default rules-essentially a stratified normal logic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-11 Huaduo Wang , Gopal Gupta

Fuzzy rule-based systems have been mostly used in interpretable decision-making because of their interpretable linguistic rules. However, interpretability requires both sensible linguistic partitions and small rule-base sizes, which are not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Javier Fumanal-Idocin , Raquel Fernandez-Peralta , Javier Andreu-Perez

Interpretable representations are the backbone of many explainers that target black-box predictive systems based on artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms. They translate the low-level data representation necessary for good…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Kacper Sokol , Peter Flach

The forecasting of the credit default risk has been an important research field for several decades. Traditionally, logistic regression has been widely recognized as a solution due to its accuracy and interpretability. As a recent trend,…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2022-09-22 Dangxing Chen , Weicheng Ye , Jiahui Ye

The importance of explainability in AI has become a pressing concern, for which several explainable AI (XAI) approaches have been recently proposed. However, most of the available XAI techniques are post-hoc methods, which however may be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-15 Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca

We propose and implement an interpretable machine learning classification model for Explainable AI (XAI) based on expressive Boolean formulas. Potential applications include credit scoring and diagnosis of medical conditions. The Boolean…

The quest for interpretable reinforcement learning is a grand challenge for the deployment of autonomous decision-making systems in safety-critical applications. Modern deep reinforcement learning approaches, while powerful, tend to produce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Kourosh Shahnazari , Seyed Moein Ayyoubzadeh , Mohammadali Keshtparvar

This study explores the explainability capabilities of large language models (LLMs), when employed to autonomously generate machine learning (ML) solutions. We examine two classification tasks: (i) a binary classification problem focused on…

Various methods for solving the inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) problem have been developed independently in machine learning and economics. In particular, the method of Maximum Causal Entropy IRL is based on the perspective of entropy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Navyata Sanghvi , Shinnosuke Usami , Mohit Sharma , Joachim Groeger , Kris Kitani

Rule sets are highly interpretable logical models in which the predicates for decision are expressed in disjunctive normal form (DNF, OR-of-ANDs), or, equivalently, the overall model comprises an unordered collection of if-then decision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-09 Fan Yang , Kai He , Linxiao Yang , Hongxia Du , Jingbang Yang , Bo Yang , Liang Sun

Local search algorithms are well-known methods for solving large, hard instances of the satisfiability problem (SAT). The performance of these algorithms crucially depends on heuristics for setting noise parameters and scoring variables.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Yannet Interian , Sara Bernardini