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Neural Cellular Automata (NCAs) are bio-inspired dynamical systems in which identical cells iteratively apply a learned local update rule to self-organize into complex patterns, exhibiting regeneration, robustness, and spontaneous dynamics.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Ehsan Pajouheshgar , Yitao Xu , Ali Abbasi , Alexander Mordvintsev , Wenzel Jakob , Sabine Süsstrunk

Neural Cellular Automata (NCA) represent a powerful framework for modeling biological self-organization, extending classical rule-based systems with trainable, differentiable (or evolvable) update rules that capture the adaptive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Benedikt Hartl , Michael Levin , Léo Pio-Lopez

Cellular automata and their differentiable counterparts, Neural Cellular Automata (NCA), are highly expressive and capable of surprisingly complex behaviors. This paper explores how NCAs perform when applied to tasks requiring precise…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Kevin Xu , Risto Miikkulainen

Modeling the ability of multicellular organisms to build and maintain their bodies through local interactions between individual cells (morphogenesis) is a long-standing challenge of developmental biology. Recently, the Neural Cellular…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Alexander Mordvintsev , Ettore Randazzo , Craig Fouts

Neural Cellular Automata (NCAs) are a model of morphogenesis, capable of growing two-dimensional artificial organisms from a single seed cell. In this paper, we show that NCAs can be trained to respond to signals. Two types of signal are…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-30 James Stovold

Neural Cellular Automata (NCAs) are a promising new approach to model self-organizing processes, with potential applications in life science. However, their deterministic nature limits their ability to capture the stochasticity of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Salvatore Milite , Giulio Caravagna , Andrea Sottoriva

Neural Cellular Automata (NCA) models have shown remarkable capacity for pattern formation and complex global behaviors stemming from local coordination. However, in the original implementation of NCA, cells are incapable of adjusting their…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Ettore Randazzo , Alexander Mordvintsev , Craig Fouts

In contrast to deep reinforcement learning agents, biological neural networks are grown through a self-organized developmental process. Here we propose a new hypernetwork approach to grow artificial neural networks based on neural cellular…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Elias Najarro , Shyam Sudhakaran , Claire Glanois , Sebastian Risi

Neural cellular automata (Neural CA) are a recent framework used to model biological phenomena emerging from multicellular organisms. In these systems, artificial neural networks are used as update rules for cellular automata. Neural CA are…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Alexandre Variengien , Stefano Nichele , Tom Glover , Sidney Pontes-Filho

Cellular Automata (CA) have long been foundational in simulating dynamical systems computationally. With recent innovations, this model class has been brought into the realm of deep learning by parameterizing the CA's update rule using an…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Magnus Petersen

Motivated by the interaction between cells, the recently introduced concept of Neural Cellular Automata shows promising results in a variety of tasks. So far, this concept was mostly used to generate images for a single scenario. As each…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-08-11 Maximilian Otte , Quentin Delfosse , Johannes Czech , Kristian Kersting

Neural Cellular Automata (NCA) are a powerful combination of machine learning and mechanistic modelling. We train NCA to learn complex dynamics from time series of images and PDE trajectories. Our method is designed to identify underlying…

Pattern Formation and Solitons · Physics 2024-04-23 Alex D. Richardson , Tibor Antal , Richard A. Blythe , Linus J. Schumacher

Neural Cellular Automata (NCAs) have been proven effective in simulating morphogenetic processes, the continuous construction of complex structures from very few starting cells. Recent developments in NCAs lie in the 2D domain, namely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Shyam Sudhakaran , Djordje Grbic , Siyan Li , Adam Katona , Elias Najarro , Claire Glanois , Sebastian Risi

In nature, the process of cellular growth and differentiation has lead to an amazing diversity of organisms -- algae, starfish, giant sequoia, tardigrades, and orcas are all created by the same generative process. Inspired by the incredible…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-02-03 Rasmus Berg Palm , Miguel González-Duque , Shyam Sudhakaran , Sebastian Risi

Very recently, the Neural Cellular Automata (NCA) has been proposed to simulate the morphogenesis process with deep networks. NCA learns to grow an image starting from a fixed single pixel. In this work, we show that the neural network (NN)…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Alejandro Hernandez Ruiz , Armand Vilalta , Francesc Moreno-Noguer

Cellular automata (CA) are a class of computational models that exhibit rich dynamics emerging from the local interaction of cells arranged in a regular lattice. In this work we focus on a generalised version of typical CA, called graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Daniele Grattarola , Lorenzo Livi , Cesare Alippi

This paper presents a novel framework using neural cellular automata (NCA) to regenerate and predict geographic information. The model extends the idea of using NCA to generate/regenerate a specific image by training the model with various…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Mingxiang Chen , Qichang Chen , Lei Gao , Yilin Chen , Zhecheng Wang

In this exploratory paper we introduce the problem of cognitive agents that learn how to modify their environment according to local sensing to reach a global goal. We concentrate on discrete dynamics (cellular automata) on a…

Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases · Physics 2026-04-14 Franco Bagnoli , Bassem Sellami , Amira Mouakher , Samira El Yacoubi

Neural Cellular Automata (NCAs) offer a way to study the growth of two-dimensional artificial organisms from a single seed cell. From the outset, NCA-grown organisms have had issues with stability, their natural boundary often breaking down…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-11 James Stovold

This study significantly advances multi-texture synthesis using Neural Cellular Automata (NCAs) by introducing a novel training methodology that enables robust self-regeneration of textures in damaged regions. This inherent healing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Mirela-Magdalena Catrina , Ioana Cristina Plajer , Alexandra Băicoianu
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