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In this paper, an unsupervised machine learning method for geometric constellation shaping is investigated. By embedding a differentiable fiber channel model within two neural networks, the learning algorithm is optimizing for a geometric…

We introduce a simplified method for calculating the loss function for use in geometric shaping, allowing for the optimisation of high dimensional constellations. We design constellations up to 12D with 4096 points, with gains up to 0.31 dB…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Kadir Gümüş , Bin Chen , Thomas Bradley , Chigo Okonkwo

In this paper, we propose a geometric shaping (GS) strategy to design 8, 16, 32 and 64-ary modulation formats for the optical fibre channel impaired by both additive white Gaussian (AWGN) and phase noise. The constellations were optimised…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-02-03 Hubert Dzieciol , Gabriele Liga , Eric Sillekens , Polina Bayvel , Domaniç Lavery

A simple geometric shaping method is proposed for optical wireless communication systems based on intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) from an information-theoretic perspective. Constellations consisting of equiprobable levels…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Suhua Zhou , Tianqi Li , Zhaoxi Fang , Jing Zhou , Wenyi Zhang

A new geometric shaping method is proposed, leveraging unsupervised machine learning to optimize the constellation design. The learned constellation mitigates nonlinear effects with gains up to 0.13 bit/4D when trained with a simplified…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-05-11 Rasmus T. Jones , Tobias A. Eriksson , Metodi P. Yankov , Darko Zibar

In this paper, we present a general framework of designing geometrically shaped constellations for short-packet visible light communications with a peak- and an average-intensity constraints. By leveraging tools from large deviation theory,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Jia-Ning Guo , Ru-Han Chen , Jian Zhang , Longguang Li , Xu Yang , Jing Zhou

Constellation shaping is a practical and effective technique to improve the performance and the rate adaptivity of optical communication systems. In principle, it could also be used to mitigate the impact of nonlinear effects, possibly…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Marco Secondini , Stella Civelli , Enrico Forestieri , Lareb Zar Khan

Constellation shaping is reviewed and revised for a WDM unrepeated system with high spectral efficiency. It is shown that for a constellation size-constrained system, previous optimization techniques can be highly sub-optimal, and a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-11-06 Metodi P. Yankov

We consider the joint constellation design problem for the noncoherent multiple-input multiple-output multiple-access channel (MAC). By analyzing the noncoherent maximum-likelihood detection error, we propose novel design criteria so as to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Khac-Hoang Ngo , Sheng Yang , Maxime Guillaud , Alexis Decurninge

Shaping modulation formats in multi-dimensional (MD) space is an effective approach to harvest spectral efficiency gains in both the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and the optical fiber channel. In the first part of this…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Bin Chen , Yi Lei , Gabriele Liga , Zhiwei Liang , Wei Ling , Xuwei Xue , Alex Alvarado

A novel design procedure for practical hierarchical distribution matchers (HiDMs) in probabilistically shaped constellation systems is presented. The proposed approach enables the determination of optimal parameters for any target…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Pantea Nadimi Goki , Luca Potì

The choice of constellations largely affects the performance of communication systems. When designing constellations, both the locations and probability of occurrence of the points can be optimized. These approaches are referred to as…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-08-30 Maximilian Stark , Fayçal Ait Aoudia , Jakob Hoydis

This work presents a novel structured family of Grassmannian constellations for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) noncoherent communications over Rayleigh block-fading channels, where neither the transmitter nor the receiver has channel…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-20 Álvaro Pendás-Recondo , Enrique Pendás-Recondo

A geometrically-shaped 256-QAM constellation, tailored to the nonlinear optical fibre channel, is experimentally demonstrated. The proposed constellation outperforms both uniform and AWGN-tailored 256-QAM, as it is designed to optimise the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-11-21 E. Sillekens , D. Semrau , D. Lavery , P. Bayvel , R. I. Killey

Hierarchical modulation (HM) is able to provide different levels of protection for data streams and achieve a rate region that cannot be realized by traditional orthogonal schemes, such as time division (TD). Nevertheless, criterions and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-10-19 Baicen Xiao , Kexin Xiao , Zhiyong Chen , Hui Liu

The geometry of dual-polarization four-dimensional constellations is optimized in the optical fiber channel using a recent nonlinear interference model. A 0.27 bit/4D rate gain and 13% reach increase are attained compared to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-25 Gabriele Liga , Bin Chen , Alex Alvarado

Utilizing the multi-dimensional (MD) space for constellation shaping has been proven to be an effective approach for achieving shaping gains. Despite there exists a variety of MD modulation formats tailored for specific optical transmission…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-23 Bin Chen , Zhiwei Liang , Yi Lei , JingXin Deng , Shen Li , Gabriele Liga

This paper proposes a simple and effective method for constructing higher-order three-dimensional (3D) signal constellations, aiming to enhance the reliability of digital communication systems. The approach systematically extends the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-17 Sukhsagar , Nagendra Kumar , Ambuj Kumar Mishra , Vimal Bhatia , Ondrej Krejcar

Mixed noise, composed of white Gaussian noise (WGN) and impulsive noise (IN), appears in numerous communication scenarios and can severely degrade system performance. In this paper, we optimize the transmitted constellation under mixed…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-09 Tianfu Qi , Jun Wang

This paper investigates the bounds on channel capacity and constellation shaping under memoryless mixed noise, which is composed of impulsive noise (IN) and white Gaussian noise (WGN). The capacity bounds are derived using the entropy power…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Tianfu Qi , Jun Wang
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