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Although 5G (Fifth Generation) mobile technology is still in the rollout phase, research and development of 6G (Sixth Generation) wireless have already begun. This paper is an introduction to 6G wireless networks, covering the main drivers…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Kimberley Parsons Trommler , Matthias Hafner , Wolfgang Kellerer , Peter Merz , Sigurd Schuster , Josef Urban , Uwe Baeder , Bertram Gunzelmann , Andreas Kornbichler

The use of millimeter waves for wireless communications is one of the main technological innovations of 5G systems with respect to previous generations of cellular systems. Their consideration, however, has been up to now mainly restricted…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-03-04 Bengt Lindoff , Carmen D'Andrea , Stefano Buzzi , Markus Tormanen , Per-Olof Brandt

The Metaverse has emerged as the successor of the conventional mobile internet to change people's lifestyles. It has strict visual and physical requirements to ensure an immersive experience (i.e., high visual quality, low motion-to-photon…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-12 Jiadong Yu , Ahmad Alhilal , Pan Hui , Danny H. K. Tsang

Next-generation wireless networks are expected to leverage multi-modal data sources to execute various wireless communication tasks such as beamforming and blockage prediction with situational-awareness. To do so, multi-modal transformers…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-22 Minsu Kim , Walid Saad , Kui Wang , Zongdian Li , Tao Yu , Kei Sakaguchi

With the exponential surge in traffic data and the pressing need for ultra-low latency in emerging intelligence applications, it is envisioned that 6G networks will demand disruptive communication technologies to foster ubiquitous…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Youlong Wu , Yuanmin Shi , Shuai Ma , Chunxiao Jiang , Wei Zhang , Khaled B. Letaief

Traditional communication system design has always been based on the paradigm of first establishing a mathematical model of the communication channel, then designing and optimizing the system according to the model. The advent of modern…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Wei Yu , Foad Sohrabi , Tao Jiang

Deep learning (DL) has transformed applications in a variety of domains, including computer vision, natural language processing, and tabular data analysis. The search for improved DL model accuracy has led practitioners to explore…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Kabir Nagrecha

Mobile communications have been undergoing a generational change every ten years. While 5G network deployments are maturing, significant efforts are being made to standardize 6G, which is expected to be commercially introduced by 2030. This…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Rainer Liebhart , Mansoor Shafi , Harsh Tataria , Gajan Shivanandan , Devaki Chandramouli

Transformers have significantly impacted domains like natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics, where they improve performance compared to other neural networks. This survey explores how transformers are used in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Pranav Agarwal , Aamer Abdul Rahman , Pierre-Luc St-Charles , Simon J. D. Prince , Samira Ebrahimi Kahou

Incorporating artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) methods within the 5G wireless standard promises autonomous network behavior and ultra-low-latency reconfiguration. However, the effort so far has purely focused on learning…

The emergence of sixth-generation (6G) technologies has introduced new challenges and opportunities for machine learning (ML) applications in Internet of Things (IoT) networks, particularly concerning energy efficiency. As model training…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Anjie Qiu , Donglin Wang , Sanket Partani , Andreas Weinand , Hans D. Schotten

The ongoing deployment of 5G cellular systems is continuously exposing the inherent limitations of this system, compared to its original premise as an enabler for Internet of Everything applications. These 5G drawbacks are currently…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Walid Saad , Mehdi Bennis , Mingzhe Chen

6G networks have become increasingly complicated due to novel network architecture and newly emerging signal processing and transmission techniques, leading to significant burdens to 6G network management. Large language models (LLMs) have…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-10 Yuyan Lin , Hao Zhou , Chengming Hu , Xue Liu , Hao Chen , Yan Xin , Jianzhong , Zhang

Recently, semantic communications are envisioned as a key enabler of future 6G networks. Back to Shannon's information theory, the goal of communication has long been to guarantee the correct reception of transmitted messages irrespective…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Mohamed Sana , Emilio Calvanese Strinati

AI-communication integration is widely regarded as a core enabling technology for 6G. Most existing AI-based physical-layer designs rely on task-specific models that are separately tailored to individual modules, resulting in poor…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-19 Xiang Cheng , Boxun Liu , Xuanyu Liu , Xuesong Cai

The growing complexity of next-generation networks exacerbates the modeling and algorithmic flaws of conventional network optimization methodology. In this paper, we propose a mobile network digital twin (MNDT) architecture for 6G networks.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Tong Li , Fenyu Jiang , Qiaohong Yu , Wenzhen Huang , Tao Jiang , Depeng Jin

Semantic communication in the 6G era has been deemed a promising communication paradigm to break through the bottleneck of traditional communications. However, its applications for the multi-user scenario, especially the broadcasting case,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Han Hu , Xingwu Zhu , Fuhui Zhou , Wei Wu , Rose Qingyang Hu , Hongbo Zhu

The research in the sixth generation of communication networks needs to tackle new challenges in order to meet the requirements of emerging applications in terms of high data rate, low latency, high reliability, and massive connectivity. To…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Marwa Chafii , Lina Bariah , Sami Muhaidat , Merouane Debbah

Transformer is a deep neural network that employs a self-attention mechanism to comprehend the contextual relationships within sequential data. Unlike conventional neural networks or updated versions of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Saidul Islam , Hanae Elmekki , Ahmed Elsebai , Jamal Bentahar , Najat Drawel , Gaith Rjoub , Witold Pedrycz

Increased complexity and heterogeneity of emerging 5G and beyond 5G (B5G) wireless networks will require a paradigm shift from traditional resource allocation mechanisms. Deep learning (DL) is a powerful tool where a multi-layer neural…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-08-03 K. I. Ahmed , H. Tabassum , E. Hossain