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We study a general class of bilevel problems, consisting in the minimization of an upper-level objective which depends on the solution to a parametric fixed-point equation. Important instances arising in machine learning include…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-13 Riccardo Grazzi , Luca Franceschi , Massimiliano Pontil , Saverio Salzo

Hyperparameter optimization can be formulated as a bilevel optimization problem, where the optimal parameters on the training set depend on the hyperparameters. We aim to adapt regularization hyperparameters for neural networks by fitting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-08 Matthew MacKay , Paul Vicol , Jon Lorraine , David Duvenaud , Roger Grosse

In this paper, we introduce a new functional point of view on bilevel optimization problems for machine learning, where the inner objective is minimized over a function space. These types of problems are most often solved by using methods…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-10 Ieva Petrulionyte , Julien Mairal , Michael Arbel

Due to the rapid growth of data and computational resources, distributed optimization has become an active research area in recent years. While first-order methods seem to dominate the field, second-order methods are nevertheless attractive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-21 Celestine Dünner , Aurelien Lucchi , Matilde Gargiani , An Bian , Thomas Hofmann , Martin Jaggi

The essential difficulty of gradient-based bilevel optimization using implicit differentiation is to estimate the inverse Hessian vector product with respect to neural network parameters. This paper proposes to tackle this problem by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Ryuichiro Hataya , Makoto Yamada

We develop new algorithms for Riemannian bilevel optimization. We focus in particular on batch and stochastic gradient-based methods, with the explicit goal of avoiding second-order information such as Riemannian hyper-gradients. We propose…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-05-28 Sanchayan Dutta , Xiang Cheng , Suvrit Sra

This paper introduces a second-order hyperplane search, a novel optimization step that generalizes a second-order line search from a line to a $k$-dimensional hyperplane. This, combined with the forward-mode stochastic gradient method,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Adam D. Cobb , Atılım Güneş Baydin , Barak A. Pearlmutter , Susmit Jha

Bilevel optimization is a key framework in hierarchical decision-making, where one problem is embedded within the constraints of another. In this work, we propose a control-theoretic approach to solving bilevel optimization problems. Our…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-25 Sina Sharifi , Nazanin Abolfazli , Erfan Yazdandoost Hamedani , Mahyar Fazlyab

In this paper, we study the Multi-Objective Bi-Level Optimization (MOBLO) problem, where the upper-level subproblem is a multi-objective optimization problem and the lower-level subproblem is for scalar optimization. Existing gradient-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Feiyang Ye , Baijiong Lin , Xiaofeng Cao , Yu Zhang , Ivor Tsang

Bilevel optimization (BLO) problem, where two optimization problems (referred to as upper- and lower-level problems) are coupled hierarchically, has wide applications in areas such as machine learning and operations research. Recently, many…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-19 Xiaotian Jiang , Ioannis Tsaknakis , Prashant Khanduri , Mingyi Hong

Standard gradient descent methods are susceptible to a range of issues that can impede training, such as high correlations and different scaling in parameter space.These difficulties can be addressed by second-order approaches that apply a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-29 Ted Moskovitz , Rui Wang , Janice Lan , Sanyam Kapoor , Thomas Miconi , Jason Yosinski , Aditya Rawal

This work investigates finite differences and the use of interpolation models to obtain approximations to the first and second derivatives of a function. Here, it is shown that if a particular set of points is used in the interpolation…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-01-24 Ian D. Coope , Rachael Tappenden

In this paper we study a class of unconstrained and constrained bilevel optimization problems in which the lower level is a possibly nonsmooth convex optimization problem, while the upper level is a possibly nonconvex optimization problem.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-08 Zhaosong Lu , Sanyou Mei

A class of second-order algorithms is proposed for minimizing smooth nonconvex functions that alternates between regularized Newton and negative curvature steps in an iteration-dependent subspace. In most cases, the Hessian matrix is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-08-22 Serge Gratton , Sadok Jerad , Philippe L. Toint

Gradient-based optimization has been critical to the success of machine learning, updating a single set of parameters to minimize a single loss. A growing number of applications rely on a generalization of this, where we have a bilevel or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Jonathan Lorraine

In this work, we propose derivative-free framework for bilevel optimization. We consider both the upper and lower-level problems with bound constraints on the variables, as well as general nonlinear constraints, assuming that first-order…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Edoardo Cesaroni , Giampaolo Liuzzi , Stefano Lucidi

When training neural networks with custom objectives, such as ranking losses and shortest-path losses, a common problem is that they are, per se, non-differentiable. A popular approach is to continuously relax the objectives to provide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Felix Petersen , Christian Borgelt , Tobias Sutter , Hilde Kuehne , Oliver Deussen , Stefano Ermon

This paper introduces and studies the convergence properties of a new class of explicit $\epsilon$-subgradient methods for the task of minimizing a convex function over the set of minimizers of another convex minimization problem. The…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-04-03 Elias Salomão Helou , Lucas Eduardo Azevedo Simões

This study proposes a Newton based multiple objective optimization algorithm for hyperparameter search. The first order differential (gradient) is calculated using finite difference method and a gradient matrix with vectorization is formed…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-09 Qinwu Xu

Finding the optimal hyperparameters of a model can be cast as a bilevel optimization problem, typically solved using zero-order techniques. In this work we study first-order methods when the inner optimization problem is convex but…