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Currently used metrics for assessing summarization algorithms do not account for whether summaries are factually consistent with source documents. We propose a weakly-supervised, model-based approach for verifying factual consistency and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Wojciech Kryściński , Bryan McCann , Caiming Xiong , Richard Socher

A commonly observed problem with the state-of-the art abstractive summarization models is that the generated summaries can be factually inconsistent with the input documents. The fact that automatic summarization may produce…

Despite significant progress has been achieved in text summarization, factual inconsistency in generated summaries still severely limits its practical applications. Among the key factors to ensure factual consistency, a reliable automatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-09 Yuexiang Xie , Fei Sun , Yang Deng , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding

Recently, various neural encoder-decoder models pioneered by Seq2Seq framework have been proposed to achieve the goal of generating more abstractive summaries by learning to map input text to output text. At a high level, such neural models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Yichong Huang , Xiachong Feng , Xiaocheng Feng , Bing Qin

Reinforcement learning with evaluation metrics as rewards is widely used to enhance specific capabilities of language models. However, for tasks such as factually consistent summarisation, existing metrics remain underdeveloped, limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yuxuan Ye , Raul Santos-Rodriguez , Edwin Simpson

Despite the seeming success of contemporary grounded text generation systems, they often tend to generate factually inconsistent text with respect to their input. This phenomenon is emphasized in tasks like summarization, in which the…

Pre-trained neural abstractive summarization systems have dominated extractive strategies on news summarization performance, at least in terms of ROUGE. However, system-generated abstractive summaries often face the pitfall of factual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Yue Dong , Shuohang Wang , Zhe Gan , Yu Cheng , Jackie Chi Kit Cheung , Jingjing Liu

The topic of summarization evaluation has recently attracted a surge of attention due to the rapid development of abstractive summarization systems. However, the formulation of the task is rather ambiguous, neither the linguistic nor the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Yanzhu Guo , Chloé Clavel , Moussa Kamal Eddine , Michalis Vazirgiannis

Lack of factual correctness is an issue that still plagues state-of-the-art summarization systems despite their impressive progress on generating seemingly fluent summaries. In this paper, we show that factual inconsistency can be caused by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Asish Ghoshal , Arash Einolghozati , Ankit Arun , Haoran Li , Lili Yu , Vera Gor , Yashar Mehdad , Scott Wen-tau Yih , Asli Celikyilmaz

Despite the recent progress in language generation models, their outputs may not always meet user expectations. In this work, we study whether informational feedback in natural language can be leveraged to improve generation quality and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Yixin Liu , Budhaditya Deb , Milagro Teruel , Aaron Halfaker , Dragomir Radev , Ahmed H. Awadallah

Despite recent improvements in abstractive summarization, most current approaches generate summaries that are not factually consistent with the source document, severely restricting their trust and usage in real-world applications. Recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Leonardo F. R. Ribeiro , Mengwen Liu , Iryna Gurevych , Markus Dreyer , Mohit Bansal

Despite substantial progress in abstractive text summarization to generate fluent and informative texts, the factual inconsistency in the generated summaries remains an important yet challenging problem to be solved. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Chenhe Dong , Yuexiang Xie , Yaliang Li , Ying Shen

Automatic abstractive summaries are found to often distort or fabricate facts in the article. This inconsistency between summary and original text has seriously impacted its applicability. We propose a fact-aware summarization model FASum…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Chenguang Zhu , William Hinthorn , Ruochen Xu , Qingkai Zeng , Michael Zeng , Xuedong Huang , Meng Jiang

Modern summarization models generate highly fluent but often factually unreliable outputs. This motivated a surge of metrics attempting to measure the factuality of automatically generated summaries. Due to the lack of common benchmarks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Artidoro Pagnoni , Vidhisha Balachandran , Yulia Tsvetkov

Evaluating the factual consistency of abstractive text summarization remains a significant challenge, particularly for long documents, where conventional metrics struggle with input length limitations and long-range dependencies. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Zain Muhammad Mujahid , Dustin Wright , Isabelle Augenstein

Existing factual consistency evaluation approaches for text summarization provide binary predictions and limited insights into the weakness of summarization systems. Therefore, we propose the task of fine-grained inconsistency detection,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Hou Pong Chan , Qi Zeng , Heng Ji

Recent pre-trained abstractive summarization systems have started to achieve credible performance, but a major barrier to their use in practice is their propensity to output summaries that are not faithful to the input and that contain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Tanya Goyal , Greg Durrett

Detecting factual inconsistency for long document summarization remains challenging, given the complex structure of the source article and long summary length. In this work, we study factual inconsistency errors and connect them with a line…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Yang Zhong , Diane Litman

Practical applications of abstractive summarization models are limited by frequent factual inconsistencies with respect to their input. Existing automatic evaluation metrics for summarization are largely insensitive to such errors. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-10 Alex Wang , Kyunghyun Cho , Mike Lewis

Fighting misinformation is a challenging, yet crucial, task. Despite the growing number of experts being involved in manual fact-checking, this activity is time-consuming and cannot keep up with the ever-increasing amount of Fake News…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Daniel Russo , Serra Sinem Tekiroglu , Marco Guerini
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