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In this paper, we present a Hoare-style logic for reasoning about quantum programs with classical variables. Our approach offers several improvements over previous work: (1) Enhanced expressivity of the programming language: Our logic…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Mingsheng Ying

Hoare logic provides a syntax-oriented method to reason about program correctness and has been proven effective in the verification of classical and probabilistic programs. Existing proposals for quantum Hoare logic either lack completeness…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Yuan Feng , Mingsheng Ying

Hoare logic is a foundation of axiomatic semantics of classical programs and it provides effective proof techniques for reasoning about correctness of classical programs. To offer similar techniques for quantum program verification and to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-06-26 Mingsheng Ying

We introduce a quantum analogue of classical first-order logic (FO) and develop a theory of quantum first-order logic as a basis of the productive discussions on the power of logical expressiveness toward quantum computing. The purpose of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-22 Tomoyuki Yamakami

Quantum logic has been introduced by Birkhoff and von Neumann as an attempt to base the logical primitives, the propositions and the relations and operations among them, on quantum theoretical entities, and thus on the related empirical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Karl Svozil

Most modern (classical) programming languages support recursion. Recursion has also been successfully applied to the design of several quantum algorithms and introduced in a couple of quantum programming languages. So, it can be expected…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Zhaowei Xu , Mingsheng Ying , Shenggang Ying

Most modern (classical) programming languages support recursion. Recursion has also been successfully applied to the design of several quantum algorithms and introduced in a couple of quantum programming languages. So, it can be expected…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Zhaowei Xu , Mingsheng Ying , Benoît Valiron

We explore a simple approach to quantum logic based on hybrid and dynamic modal logic, where the set of states is given by some Hilbert space. In this setting, a notion of quantum clause is proposed in a similar way the notion of Horn…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Daniel Gaina

Quantum Hoare Logic (QHL) was introduced in Ying's work to specify and reason about quantum programs. In this paper, we implement a theorem prover for QHL based on Isabelle/HOL. By applying the theorem prover, verifying a quantum program…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-01-18 Tao Liu , Yangjia Li , Shuling Wang , Mingsheng Ying , Naijun Zhan

In Apt and Bezem [AB99] (see cs.LO/9811017) we provided a computational interpretation of first-order formulas over arbitrary interpretations. Here we complement this work by introducing a denotational semantics for first-order logic.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Krzysztof R. Apt

This paper summarises the results obtained by the author and his collaborators in a program logic approach to the verification of quantum programs, including quantum Hoare logic, invariant generation and termination analysis for quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-01 Mingsheng Ying

Verifying the functional correctness of programs with both classical and quantum constructs is a challenging task. The presence of probabilistic behaviour entailed by quantum measurements and unbounded while loops complicate the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Huiling Wu , Yuxin Deng , Ming Xu

We survey the landscape of Hoare logics for quantum programs. We review three papers: "Reasoning about imperative quantum programs" by Chadha, Mateus and Sernadas; "A logic for formal verification of quantum programs" by Yoshihiko Kakutani;…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-04-10 Robert Rand

In quantum information and computation research, symbolic methods have been widely used for human specification and reasoning about quantum states and operations. At the same time, they are essential for ensuring the scalability and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Mingsheng Ying

The (meta)logic underlying classical theory of computation is Boolean (two-valued) logic. Quantum logic was proposed by Birkhoff and von Neumann as a logic of quantum mechanics more than sixty years ago. The major difference between Boolean…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-04-02 Mingsheng Ying

We propose a semantic representation of the standard quantum logic QL within a classical, normal modal logic, and this via a lattice-embedding of orthomodular lattices into Boolean algebras with one modal operator. Thus our classical logic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-08 Simon Kramer

First-order logic is the basis for many knowledge representation formalisms and methods. Providing technological support for learning to write first-order formulas for natural language specifications requires methods to test formulas for…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Fabian Vehlken , Thomas Zeume , Emilio Carrasco Bustamante , Maëlle Cornély , Lukas Pradel

We present a logical separability analysis for a functional quantum computation language. This logic is inspired by previous works on logical analysis of aliasing for imperative functional programs. Both analyses share similarities notably…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-05-13 F. Prost , C. Zerrari

The main contribution of the present paper is the introduction of a simple yet expressive hybrid-dynamic logic for describing quantum programs. This version of quantum logic can express quantum measurements and unitary evolutions of states…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Daniel Gaina

The quantum logic program originated in a 1936 article by G. Birkhoff and J. von Neumann. This program is generally disregarded due to no-go theorems restricting the existence of the tensor product of elementary quantum logics and, above…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-27 Eric Buffenoir
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