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Transformer is a popularly used neural network architecture, especially for language understanding. We introduce an extended and unified architecture that can be used for tasks involving a variety of modalities like image, text, videos,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-06 Subhojeet Pramanik , Priyanka Agrawal , Aman Hussain

Transformers play a central role in the inner workings of large language models. We develop a mathematical framework for analyzing Transformers based on their interpretation as interacting particle systems, which reveals that clusters…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Borjan Geshkovski , Cyril Letrouit , Yury Polyanskiy , Philippe Rigollet

Transformer, first applied to the field of natural language processing, is a type of deep neural network mainly based on the self-attention mechanism. Thanks to its strong representation capabilities, researchers are looking at ways to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Kai Han , Yunhe Wang , Hanting Chen , Xinghao Chen , Jianyuan Guo , Zhenhua Liu , Yehui Tang , An Xiao , Chunjing Xu , Yixing Xu , Zhaohui Yang , Yiman Zhang , Dacheng Tao

Transformers have reshaped machine learning by utilizing attention mechanisms to capture complex patterns in large datasets, leading to significant improvements in performance. This success has contributed to the belief that "bigger means…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Hemanth Saratchandran , Damien Teney , Simon Lucey

The performance of transformers for time-series forecasting has improved significantly. Recent architectures learn complex temporal patterns by segmenting a time-series into patches and using the patches as tokens. The patch size controls…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Yitian Zhang , Liheng Ma , Soumyasundar Pal , Yingxue Zhang , Mark Coates

We study the use of a time series encoder to learn representations that are useful on data set types with which it has not been trained on. The encoder is formed of a convolutional neural network whose temporal output is summarized by a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-11 Joan Serrà , Santiago Pascual , Alexandros Karatzoglou

Transformers have had a significant impact on natural language processing and have recently demonstrated their potential in computer vision. They have shown promising results over convolution neural networks in fundamental computer vision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Rojina Kashefi , Leili Barekatain , Mohammad Sabokrou , Fatemeh Aghaeipoor

Transformer is a powerful architecture that achieves superior performance on various sequence learning tasks, including neural machine translation, language understanding, and sequence prediction. At the core of the Transformer is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-13 Yao-Hung Hubert Tsai , Shaojie Bai , Makoto Yamada , Louis-Philippe Morency , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

Normalization and scaling are fundamental preprocessing steps in time series modeling, yet their role in Transformer-based models remains underexplored from a theoretical perspective. In this work, we present the first formal analysis of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Sofiane Ennadir , Tianze Wang , Oleg Smirnov , Sahar Asadi , Lele Cao

There has been a recent surge of interest in time series modeling using the Transformer architecture. However, forecasting multivariate time series with Transformer presents a unique challenge as it requires modeling both temporal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Yu-Hsiang Lan , Eric K. Oermann

Transformers were initially introduced for natural language processing (NLP) tasks, but fast they were adopted by most deep learning fields, including computer vision. They measure the relationships between pairs of input tokens (words in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Robin Courant , Maika Edberg , Nicolas Dufour , Vicky Kalogeiton

Memory is fundamental to intelligence, enabling learning, reasoning, and adaptability across biological and artificial systems. While Transformer architectures excel at sequence modeling, they face critical limitations in long-range context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Parsa Omidi , Xingshuai Huang , Axel Laborieux , Bahareh Nikpour , Tianyu Shi , Armaghan Eshaghi

The transformer models have been extensively used with good results in a wide area of machine learning applications including Large Language Models and image generation. Here, we inquire on the applicability of this approach to financial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Pierre Brugiere , Gabriel Turinici

The transformers have achieved significant accomplishments in the natural language processing as its outstanding parallel processing capabilities and highly flexible attention mechanism. In addition, increasing studies based on transformers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Wei Lan , Guohang He , Mingyang Liu , Qingfeng Chen , Junyue Cao , Wei Peng

It has been over six years since the Transformer architecture was put forward. Surprisingly, the vanilla Transformer architecture is still widely used today. One reason is that the lack of deep understanding and comprehensive interpretation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Zhe Chen

We conduct a systematic study of the approximation properties of Transformer for sequence modeling with long, sparse and complicated memory. We investigate the mechanisms through which different components of Transformer, such as the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Mingze Wang , Weinan E

Time series forecasting is a key component in many industrial and business decision processes and recurrent neural network (RNN) based models have achieved impressive progress on various time series forecasting tasks. However, most of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Zekai Chen , Jiaze E , Xiao Zhang , Hao Sheng , Xiuzheng Cheng

Transformers are increasingly dominating multi-modal reasoning tasks, such as visual question answering, achieving state-of-the-art results thanks to their ability to contextualize information using the self-attention and co-attention…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Hila Chefer , Shir Gur , Lior Wolf

Language models based on the Transformer architecture achieve excellent results in many language-related tasks, such as text classification or sentiment analysis. However, despite the architecture of these models being well-defined, little…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Miguel López-Otal , Jorge Gracia , Jordi Bernad , Carlos Bobed , Lucía Pitarch-Ballesteros , Emma Anglés-Herrero

Deep learning utilizing transformers has recently achieved a lot of success in many vital areas such as natural language processing, computer vision, anomaly detection, and recommendation systems, among many others. Among several merits of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Lena Sasal , Tanujit Chakraborty , Abdenour Hadid
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