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Quantifying uncertainty in weather forecasts is critical, especially for predicting extreme weather events. This is typically accomplished with ensemble prediction systems, which consist of many perturbed numerical weather simulations, or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Peter Grönquist , Chengyuan Yao , Tal Ben-Nun , Nikoli Dryden , Peter Dueben , Shigang Li , Torsten Hoefler

We propose a neural network approach to produce probabilistic weather forecasts from a deterministic numerical weather prediction. Our approach is applied to operational surface temperature outputs from the Global Deterministic Prediction…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-04-07 David Landry , Anastase Charantonis , Claire Monteleoni

Climate projections using data driven machine learning models acting as emulators, is one of the prevailing areas of research to enable policy makers make informed decisions. Use of machine learning emulators as surrogates for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Anmol Chaure , Ashok Kumar Behera , Sudip Bhattacharya

We describe various moment-based ensemble interpretation models for the construction of probabilistic temperature forecasts from ensembles. We apply the methods to one year of medium range ensemble forecasts and perform in and out of sample…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Stephen Jewson

Accurate production forecasts are essential to continue facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources into the power grid. This paper illustrates how to obtain probabilistic day-ahead forecasts of wind power generation via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Max Bruninx , Diederik van Binsbergen , Timothy Verstraeten , Ann Nowé , Jan Helsen

Atmospheric models used for weather and climate prediction are traditionally formulated in a deterministic manner. In other words, given a particular state of the resolved scale variables, the most likely forcing from the sub-grid scale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Hannah M. Christensen , Salah Kouhen , Greta Miller , Raghul Parthipan

To facilitate effective decision-making, precipitation datasets should include uncertainty estimates. Quantile regression with machine learning has been proposed for issuing such estimates. Distributional regression offers distinct…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Georgia Papacharalampous , Hristos Tyralis , Nikolaos Doulamis , Anastasios Doulamis

Numerical weather prediction (NWP) centers around the world operate a variety of NWP models. In addition, recent advances in AI-driven NWP models have further increased the availability of NWP outputs. While this expansion holds the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Atsushi Kudo

High-quality machine learning (ML)-ready datasets play a foundational role in developing new artificial intelligence (AI) models or fine-tuning existing models for scientific applications such as weather and climate analysis. Unfortunately,…

Predictive benchmarking, the evaluation of machine learning models based on predictive performance and competitive ranking, is a central epistemic practice in machine learning research and an increasingly prominent method for scientific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Timo Freiesleben , Sebastian Zezulka

Weather forecasting requires not only accuracy but also the ability to perform probabilistic prediction. However, deterministic weather forecasting methods do not support probabilistic predictions, and conversely, probabilistic models tend…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Donggeun Yoon , Minseok Seo , Doyi Kim , Yeji Choi , Donghyeon Cho

Existing all-in-one image restoration approaches, which aim to handle multiple weather degradations within a single framework, are predominantly trained and evaluated using mixed single-weather synthetic datasets. However, these datasets…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Qiyuan Guan , Qianfeng Yang , Xiang Chen , Tianyu Song , Guiyue Jin , Jiyu Jin

Accurate prediction of climate in the subseasonal-to-seasonal scale is crucial for disaster preparedness and robust decision making amidst climate change. Yet, forecasting beyond the weather timescale is challenging because it deals with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Juan Nathaniel , Yongquan Qu , Tung Nguyen , Sungduk Yu , Julius Busecke , Aditya Grover , Pierre Gentine

Most machine learning models operate under the assumption that the training, testing and deployment data is independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.). This assumption doesn't generally hold true in a natural setting. Usually, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Kumud Lakara , Akshat Bhandari , Pratinav Seth , Ujjwal Verma

An influential step in weather forecasting was the introduction of ensemble forecasts in operational use due to their capability to account for the uncertainties in the future state of the atmosphere. However, ensemble weather forecasts are…

Applications · Statistics 2023-05-25 Mária Lakatos , Sebastian Lerch , Stephan Hemri , Sándor Baran

Low-fidelity wake models are used for wind farm design and control optimization. To generalize to a wind farm model, individually-modeled wakes are commonly superimposed using approximate superposition models. Wake models parameterize…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2023-06-22 Michael J. LoCascio , Catherine Gorle , Michael F. Howland

We introduce a new measure for fair and meaningful comparisons of single-valued output from artificial intelligence based weather prediction (AIWP) and numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, called potential continuous ranked…

Global ocean forecasting aims to predict key ocean variables such as temperature, salinity, and currents, which is essential for understanding and describing oceanic phenomena. In recent years, data-driven deep learning-based ocean forecast…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Haoming Jia , Yi Han , Xiang Wang , Huizan Wang , Wei Wu , Jianming Zheng , Peikun Xiao

The path toward realizing the potential of seasonal forecasting and its socioeconomic benefits depends heavily on improving general circulation model based dynamical forecasting systems. To improve dynamical seasonal forecast, it is crucial…

Deep neural networks offer numerous potential applications across geoscience, for example, one could argue that they are the state-of-the-art method for predicting faults in seismic datasets. In quantitative reservoir characterization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-26 Lukas Mosser , Ehsan Zabihi Naeini