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Dual encoders perform retrieval by encoding documents and queries into dense lowdimensional vectors, scoring each document by its inner product with the query. We investigate the capacity of this architecture relative to sparse bag-of-words…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-18 Yi Luan , Jacob Eisenstein , Kristina Toutanova , Michael Collins

Neural networks are among the state-of-the-art techniques for language modeling. Existing neural language models typically map discrete words to distributed, dense vector representations. After information processing of the preceding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-10-14 Yunchuan Chen , Lili Mou , Yan Xu , Ge Li , Zhi Jin

Establishing retrieval-based dialogue systems that can select appropriate responses from the pre-built index has gained increasing attention from researchers. For this task, the adoption of pre-trained language models (such as BERT) has led…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Chongyang Tao , Jiazhan Feng , Chang Liu , Juntao Li , Xiubo Geng , Daxin Jiang

Open-domain question answering can be formulated as a phrase retrieval problem, in which we can expect huge scalability and speed benefit but often suffer from low accuracy due to the limitation of existing phrase representation models. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Jinhyuk Lee , Minjoon Seo , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Jaewoo Kang

Pairing a lexical retriever with a neural re-ranking model has set state-of-the-art performance on large-scale information retrieval datasets. This pipeline covers scenarios like question answering or navigational queries, however, for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Tim Baumgärtner , Leonardo F. R. Ribeiro , Nils Reimers , Iryna Gurevych

This paper outlines a conceptual framework for understanding recent developments in information retrieval and natural language processing that attempts to integrate dense and sparse retrieval methods. I propose a representational approach…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Jimmy Lin

The Relevance Feedback (RF) process relies on accurate and real-time relevance estimation of feedback documents to improve retrieval performance. Since collecting explicit relevance annotations imposes an extra burden on the user, extensive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Ziyi Ye , Xiaohui Xie , Qingyao Ai , Yiqun Liu , Zhihong Wang , Weihang Su , Min Zhang

This paper describes our participation in the TREC 2023 Deep Learning Track. We submitted runs that apply generative relevance feedback from a large language model in both a zero-shot and pseudo-relevance feedback setting over two sparse…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Andrew Parry , Thomas Jaenich , Sean MacAvaney , Iadh Ounis

Information Retrieval using dense low-dimensional representations recently became popular and showed out-performance to traditional sparse-representations like BM25. However, no previous work investigated how dense representations perform…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Nils Reimers , Iryna Gurevych

The powerful generative abilities of large language models (LLMs) show potential in generating relevance labels for search applications. Previous work has found that directly asking about relevancy, such as ``How relevant is document A to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Le Yan , Zhen Qin , Honglei Zhuang , Rolf Jagerman , Xuanhui Wang , Michael Bendersky , Harrie Oosterhuis

Recent GRPO-based approaches built on flow matching models have shown remarkable improvements in human preference alignment for text-to-image generation. Nevertheless, they still suffer from the sparse reward problem: the terminal reward of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Haoyou Deng , Keyu Yan , Chaojie Mao , Xiang Wang , Yu Liu , Changxin Gao , Nong Sang

Practitioners working on dense retrieval today face a bewildering number of choices. Beyond selecting the embedding model, another consequential choice is the actual implementation of nearest-neighbor vector search. While best practices…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Jimmy Lin

Learned sparse retrieval (LSR) is a family of neural methods that encode queries and documents into sparse lexical vectors that can be indexed and retrieved efficiently with an inverted index. We explore the application of LSR to the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Thong Nguyen , Mariya Hendriksen , Andrew Yates , Maarten de Rijke

Controlled text generation tasks such as unsupervised text style transfer have increasingly adopted the use of Reinforcement Learning (RL). A major challenge in applying RL to such tasks is the sparse reward, which is available only after…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Bhargav Upadhyay , Akhilesh Sudhakar , Arjun Maheswaran

Dense retrievers for open-domain question answering (ODQA) have been shown to achieve impressive performance by training on large datasets of question-passage pairs. In this work we ask whether this dependence on labeled data can be reduced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Ori Ram , Gal Shachaf , Omer Levy , Jonathan Berant , Amir Globerson

In the context of Extreme Multi-label Text Classification (XMTC), where labels are assigned to text instances from a large label space, the long-tail distribution of labels presents a significant challenge. Labels can be broadly categorized…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Celso França , Gestefane Rabbi , Thiago Salles , Washington Cunha , Leonardo Rocha , Marcos André Gonçalves

Dense retrieval models using a transformer-based bi-encoder design have emerged as an active area of research. In this work, we focus on the task of monolingual retrieval in a variety of typologically diverse languages using one such…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Xinyu Zhang , Kelechi Ogueji , Xueguang Ma , Jimmy Lin

Dictionary learning and sparse representation (DLSR) is a recent and successful mathematical model for data representation that achieves state-of-the-art performance in various fields such as pattern recognition, machine learning, computer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-02-23 Mehrdad J. Gangeh , Ahmed K. Farahat , Ali Ghodsi , Mohamed S. Kamel

Diffusion models (DMs) are a powerful type of generative models that have achieved state-of-the-art results in various image synthesis tasks and have shown potential in other domains, such as natural language processing and temporal data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Inês Cardoso Oliveira , Decebal Constantin Mocanu , Luis A. Leiva

As the first step in automated natural language processing, representing words and sentences is of central importance and has attracted significant research attention. Different approaches, from the early one-hot and bag-of-words…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-06 Wenye Li , Senyue Hao