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One of the distinguishing features of quantum theory is that its measurement outcomes are usually unpredictable or, equivalently, random. Moreover, this randomness is certifiable with minimal assumptions in the so-called device-independent…

Free will (or randomness) has been studied to achieve loophole-free Bell's inequality test and to provide device-independent quantum key distribution security proofs. The required randomness such that a local hidden variable model (LHVM)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-03-29 Yifeng Teng , Shenghao Yang , Siwei Wang , Mingfei Zhao

A comprehensive treatment of the quantification of randomness certified device-independently by using the Hardy and Cabello-Liang-Li (CLL) nonlocality relations is provided in the two parties - two measurements per party - two outcomes per…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-19 Souradeep Sasmal , Ashutosh Rai , Sayan Gangopadhyay , Dipankar Home , Urbasi Sinha

Recently it has been found that there exist maximally nonlocal quantum correlations that fail to certify randomness for any fixed input pair, rendering them useless for device-independent spot-checking randomness expansion schemes. Here we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-11 Ravishankar Ramanathan , Yuan Liu , Yutian Wu , Stefano Pironio

According to quantum theory, the outcomes obtained by measuring an entangled state necessarily exhibit some randomness if they violate a Bell inequality. In particular, a maximal violation of the CHSH inequality guarantees that 1.23 bits of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-03-23 Antonio Acin , Serge Massar , Stefano Pironio

Reliable verification of entanglement is a central requirement for quantum networks. This paper presents a practical verification approach based on violations of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality. We derive tight mathematical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-09 Xuan Du Trinh , Zhengyu Wu , Junlin Bai , Huan-Hsin Tseng , Nengkun Yu , Aruna Balasubramanian

Based on the violation of Bell inequalities, we can verify quantum random numbers by examining the correlation between device inputs and outputs. In this paper, we derive the maximum quantum value of the parity-CHSH inequality for a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-21 Guannan Zhang , Jiamin Xu , Ming Li , Shuqian Shen , Lei Li , Shao-ming Fei

It has long been known that the existence of certain superquantum nonlocal correlations would cause communication complexity to collapse. The absurdity of a world in which any nonlocal binary function could be evaluated with a constant…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Noah Shutty , Mary Wootters , Patrick Hayden

The violation of a Bell inequality implies the existence of nonlocality, making device-independent randomness certification possible. This paper derives a tight upper bound for the maximal quantum violation of Gisin's elegant Bell…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-14 Dan-Dan Hu , Meng-Yan Li , Fen-Zhuo Guo , Yu-Kun Wang , Hai-Feng Dong , Fei Gao

One of the striking properties of quantum mechanics is the occurrence of the Bell-type non-locality. They are a fundamental feature of the theory that allows two parties that share an entangled quantum system to observe correlations…

The violation of Bell inequality not only provides the most radical departure of quantum theory from classical concepts, but also paves the way of applications in such as device independent randomness certification. Here, we derive the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-24 Youwang Xiao , Xinhui Li , Jing Wang , Ming Li , Shao-Ming Fei

The majority of recent works investigating the link between non-locality and randomness, e.g. in the context of device-independent cryptography, do so with respect to some specific Bell inequality, usually the CHSH inequality. However, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-01-23 O. Nieto-Silleras , S. Pironio , J. Silman

Nonlocality, evidenced by the violation of Bell inequalities, not only signifies entanglement but also highlights measurement incompatibility in quantum systems. Utilizing the generalized Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) Bell inequality,…

Device independent protocols based on Bell nonlocality, such as quantum key distribution and randomness generation, must ensure no adversary can have prior knowledge of the measurement outcomes. This requires a measurement independence…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-08 Michael J. W. Hall , Cyril Branciard

Bell nonlocality provides a device-independent (DI) way to certify quantum randomness, based on which true random numbers can be extracted from the observed correlations without detail characterizations on devices for quantum state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Shuai Zhao , Rong Wang , Qi Zhao

Non-local correlations are not only a fascinating feature of quantum theory, but an interesting resource for information processing, for instance in communication-complexity theory or cryptography. An important question in this context is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-10-17 Dejan D. Dukaric , Stefan Wolf

A device-independent randomness expansion protocol aims to take an initial random string and generate a longer one, where the security of the protocol does not rely on knowing the inner workings of the devices used to run it. In order to do…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-06 Rutvij Bhavsar , Sammy Ragy , Roger Colbeck

Bell inequalities are an important tool in device-independent quantum information processing because their violation can serve as a certificate of relevant quantum properties. Probably the best known example of a Bell inequality is due to…

The question of certifying quantum nonlocality under a relaxation of the assumptions in the Bell theorem has gained traction, with potential for device-independent applications under weak seeds and cross-talk. Recently, it was shown that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Ravishankar Ramanathan , Yuan Liu

We consider a temporal version of the CHSH scenario using projective measurements on a single quantum system. It is known that quantum correlations in this scenario are fundamentally more general than correlations obtainable with the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-03-27 Tobias Fritz
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