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Although large language models (LLMs) are impressive in solving various tasks, they can quickly be outdated after deployment. Maintaining their up-to-date status is a pressing concern in the current era. This paper provides a comprehensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Zihan Zhang , Meng Fang , Ling Chen , Mohammad-Reza Namazi-Rad , Jun Wang

The vast amount of online information today poses challenges for non-English speakers, as much of it is concentrated in high-resource languages such as English and French. Wikipedia reflects this imbalance, with content in low-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Siddharth Khincha , Tushar Kataria , Ankita Anand , Dan Roth , Vivek Gupta

The factuality of large language model (LLMs) tends to decay over time since events posterior to their training are "unknown" to them. One way to keep models up-to-date could be factual update: the task of inserting, replacing, or removing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Hichem Ammar Khodja , Frédéric Béchet , Quentin Brabant , Alexis Nasr , Gwénolé Lecorvé

Our world is open-ended, non-stationary, and constantly evolving; thus what we talk about and how we talk about it change over time. This inherent dynamic nature of language contrasts with the current static language modelling paradigm,…

The performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) degrades from the temporal drift between data used for model training and newer text seen during inference. One understudied avenue of language change causing data drift is the emergence of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Jonathan Zheng , Alan Ritter , Wei Xu

This paper explores the robustness of language models (LMs) to variations in the temporal context within factual knowledge. It examines whether LMs can correctly associate a temporal context with a past fact valid over a defined period, by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Hichem Ammar Khodja , Frédéric Béchet , Quentin Brabant , Alexis Nasr , Gwénolé Lecorvé

High-quality benchmarks are essential for evaluating reasoning and retrieval capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, curating datasets for this purpose is not a permanent solution as they are prone to data leakage and…

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation tasks. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generate non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Diego Calanzone , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari

Language is constantly changing and evolving, leaving language models to become quickly outdated. Consequently, we should continuously update our models with new data to expose them to new events and facts. However, that requires additional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Giuseppe Attanasio , Debora Nozza , Federico Bianchi , Dirk Hovy

Large Language Models (LLMs) are pretrained on textual data up to a specific temporal cutoff. This creates a strict knowledge boundary beyond which models cannot provide accurate information without querying external sources. More subtly,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Piotr Pęzik , Konrad Kaczyński , Maria Szymańska , Filip Żarnecki , Zuzanna Deckert , Jakub Kwiatkowski , Wojciech Janowski

Language models (LMs) are trained on web text originating from many points in time and, in general, without any explicit temporal grounding. This work investigates the temporal chaos of pretrained LMs and explores various methods to align…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Bowen Zhao , Zander Brumbaugh , Yizhong Wang , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Noah A. Smith

Pretrained language models (PTLMs) are typically learned over a large, static corpus and further fine-tuned for various downstream tasks. However, when deployed in the real world, a PTLM-based model must deal with data distributions that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Xisen Jin , Dejiao Zhang , Henghui Zhu , Wei Xiao , Shang-Wen Li , Xiaokai Wei , Andrew Arnold , Xiang Ren

The increasing acceptance of large language models (LLMs) as an alternative to knowledge sources marks a significant paradigm shift across various domains, including time-sensitive fields such as law, healthcare, and finance. To fulfill…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Ashutosh Bajpai , Tanmoy Chakraborty

LLMs often fail to handle temporal knowledge conflicts--contradictions arising when facts evolve over time within their training data. Existing studies evaluate this phenomenon through benchmarks built on structured knowledge bases like…

Knowledge and language understanding of models evaluated through question answering (QA) has been usually studied on static snapshots of knowledge, like Wikipedia. However, our world is dynamic, evolves over time, and our models' knowledge…

The dynamic nature of language, particularly evident in the realm of slang and memes on the Internet, poses serious challenges to the adaptability of large language models (LLMs). Traditionally anchored to static datasets, these models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Lingrui Mei , Shenghua Liu , Yiwei Wang , Baolong Bi , Xueqi Cheng

As the knowledge landscape evolves and large language models (LLMs) become increasingly widespread, there is a growing need to keep these models updated with current events. While existing benchmarks assess general factual recall, few…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Thales Sales Almeida , Giovana Kerche Bonás , João Guilherme Alves Santos , Hugo Abonizio , Rodrigo Nogueira

Large language models (LLMs) have showcased remarkable reasoning capabilities, yet they remain susceptible to errors, particularly in temporal reasoning tasks involving complex temporal logic. Existing research has explored LLM performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Bahare Fatemi , Mehran Kazemi , Anton Tsitsulin , Karishma Malkan , Jinyeong Yim , John Palowitch , Sungyong Seo , Jonathan Halcrow , Bryan Perozzi

Knowledge utilization is a critical aspect of LLMs, and understanding how they adapt to evolving knowledge is essential for their effective deployment. However, existing benchmarks are predominantly static, failing to capture the evolving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Wei Tang , Yixin Cao , Yang Deng , Jiahao Ying , Bo Wang , Yizhe Yang , Yuyue Zhao , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang , Yugang Jiang , Yong Liao

Despite the advanced capabilities of large language models (LLMs), their temporal reasoning ability remains underdeveloped. Prior works have highlighted this limitation, particularly in maintaining temporal consistency when understanding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Jongho Kim , Seung-won Hwang