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Generative AI (GenAI) tools are increasingly integrated into design workflows. While text prompts remain the primary input method for GenAI image tools, designers often struggle to craft effective ones. Moreover, research has primarily…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Hyerim Park , Malin Eiband , Andre Luckow , Michael Sedlmair

AI-based text-to-image models do not only excel at generating realistic images, they also give designers more and more fine-grained control over the image content. Consequently, these approaches have gathered increased attention within the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Sebastian Hartwig , Dominik Engel , Leon Sick , Hannah Kniesel , Tristan Payer , Poonam Poonam , Michael Glöckler , Alex Bäuerle , Timo Ropinski

The strength of modern generative models lies in their ability to be controlled through text-based prompts. Typical "hard" prompts are made from interpretable words and tokens, and must be hand-crafted by humans. There are also "soft"…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Yuxin Wen , Neel Jain , John Kirchenbauer , Micah Goldblum , Jonas Geiping , Tom Goldstein

In the creative practice of text-to-image (TTI) generation, images are synthesized from textual prompts. By design, TTI models always yield an output, even if the prompt contains unknown terms. In this case, the model may generate default…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Hannu Simonen , Atte Kiviniemi , Hannah Johnston , Helena Barranha , Jonas Oppenlaender

This survey reviews the progress of diffusion models in generating images from text, ~\textit{i.e.} text-to-image diffusion models. As a self-contained work, this survey starts with a brief introduction of how diffusion models work for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Chenshuang Zhang , Chaoning Zhang , Mengchun Zhang , In So Kweon , Junmo Kim

This review surveys the state-of-the-art in text-to-image and image-to-image generation within the scope of generative AI. We provide a comparative analysis of three prominent architectures: Variational Autoencoders, Generative Adversarial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Zineb Sordo , Eric Chagnon , Daniela Ushizima

Text prompt is the most common way for human-generative AI (GenAI) communication. Though convenient, it is challenging to convey fine-grained and referential intent. One promising solution is to combine text prompts with precise GUI…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Leixian Shen , Yifang Wang , Huamin Qu , Xing Xie , Haotian Li

Large language models (LLMs) are solidifying their position in the modern world as effective tools for the automatic generation of text. Their use is quickly becoming commonplace in fields such as education, healthcare, and scientific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Luka Terčon , Kaja Dobrovoljc

Visual Generative AI models have demonstrated remarkable capability in generating high-quality images from user inputs like text prompts. However, because these models have billions of parameters, they risk memorizing certain parts of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Lena Reissinger , Yuanyuan Li , Anna-Carolina Haensch , Neeraj Sarna

Text-to-image models are enabling efficient design space exploration, rapidly generating images from text prompts. However, many generative AI tools are imperfect for product design applications as they are not built for the goals and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Leah Chong , I-Ping Lo , Jude Rayan , Steven Dow , Faez Ahmed , Ioanna Lykourentzou

The rapid advancement of generative AI has democratized access to powerful tools such as Text-to-Image models. However, to generate high-quality images, users must still craft detailed prompts specifying scene, style, and context-often…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Dawei Xiang , Wenyan Xu , Kexin Chu , Tianqi Ding , Zixu Shen , Yiming Zeng , Jianchang Su , Wei Zhang

Text-to-image synthesis, a subfield of multimodal generation, has gained significant attention in recent years. We propose a cost-effective approach for image-to-prompt generation that leverages generative models to generate textual prompts…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Xin Zhang , Xin Zhang , YeMing Cai , Tianzhi Jia

Text to image generation methods (T2I) are widely popular in generating art and other creative artifacts. While visual hallucinations can be a positive factor in scenarios where creativity is appreciated, such artifacts are poorly suited…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Rodrigo Valerio , Joao Bordalo , Michal Yarom , Yonatan Bitton , Idan Szpektor , Joao Magalhaes

Current text-to-image (T2I) generation models achieve promising results, but they fail on the scenarios where the knowledge implied in the text prompt is uncertain. For example, a T2I model released in February would struggle to generate a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Chuanhao Li , Jianwen Sun , Yukang Feng , Mingliang Zhai , Yifan Chang , Kaipeng Zhang

Creating meaningful visual narratives through human-AI collaboration requires understanding how text-image intertextuality emerges when textual intentions meet AI-generated visuals. We conducted a three-phase qualitative study with 15…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Mengyao Guo , Kexin Nie , Ze Gao , Black Sun , Xueyang Wang , Jinda Han , Xingting Wu

Generative AI is an emerging technology that will have a profound impact on society and individuals. Only a decade ago, it was thought that creative work would be among the last to be automated - yet today, we see AI encroaching on creative…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Jonas Oppenlaender , Aku Visuri , Ville Paananen , Rhema Linder , Johanna Silvennoinen

Text-to-Image (T2I) models have transformed visual content creation, producing highly realistic images from natural language prompts. However, concerns persist around their potential to replicate and magnify existing societal biases. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Sedat Porikli , Vedat Porikli

We provide a new multi-task benchmark for evaluating text-to-image models. We perform a human evaluation comparing the most common open-source (Stable Diffusion) and commercial (DALL-E 2) models. Twenty computer science AI graduate students…

This research investigates the use of customized GPT models to enhance prompting proficiency among architecture students when generating AI-driven images. Prompt engineering is increasingly essential in architectural education due to the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Juan David Salazar Rodriguez , Sam Conrad Joyce , Julfendi

Text-to-image generative models often reflect the biases of the training data, leading to unequal representations of underrepresented groups. This study investigates inclusive text-to-image generative models that generate images based on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Cheng Zhang , Xuanbai Chen , Siqi Chai , Chen Henry Wu , Dmitry Lagun , Thabo Beeler , Fernando De la Torre