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Emerging professions in fields like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and sustainability (green jobs) are experiencing labour shortages as industry demand outpaces labour supply. In this context, our study aims to understand whether employers…

General Economics · Economics 2024-11-07 Matthew Bone , Eugenia Ehlinger , Fabian Stephany

Skill shortages are a drain on society. They hamper economic opportunities for individuals, slow growth for firms, and impede labor productivity in aggregate. Therefore, the ability to understand and predict skill shortages in advance is…

General Economics · Economics 2021-02-05 Nik Dawson , Marian-Andrei Rizoiu , Benjamin Johnston , Mary-Anne Williams

Cybersecurity is increasingly a concern for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and there exist many awareness training programs and tools for them. The literature mainly studies SMEs as a unitary type of company and provides…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Alireza Shojaifar , Heini Jarvinen

The technology industry offers exciting and diverse career opportunities, ranging from traditional software development to emerging fields such as artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and data science. Career fairs play a crucial role in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Briana Lee , Samantha Limon , Alyssia Chen , Kenny Ka'aiakamanu-Quibilan , Anthony Peruma

When writing software code, developers typically prioritise functionality over security, either consciously or unconsciously through biases and heuristics. This is often attributed to tangible pressures such as client requirements, but…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Matthew Ivory

We analyzed 3,984 AI agent skills from major marketplaces and found 76 confirmed malicious payloads, including credential theft, backdoor installation, and data exfiltration. 13.4% of all skills contain at least one critical-level security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Luca Beurer-Kellner , Aleksei Kudrinskii , Marco Milanta , Kristian Bonde Nielsen , Hemang Sarkar , Liran Tal

The labor market is constantly evolving. Occupations are changing, being added, or disappearing to fit the needs of today's market. In recent years the pace of this change has accelerated, due to factors such as globalization, digitization,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Maurits de Groot , Jelle Schutte , David Graus

Recent waves of technological transformation are reshaping work in uncertain and hard-to-predict ways. However, jobs at the forefront of the digitizing economy offer an early glimpse of these changes and leave rich activity traces. We…

General Economics · Economics 2026-04-10 Xiangnan Feng , Johannes Wachs , Simone Daniotti , Frank Neffke

Machine Learning (ML) represents a pivotal technology for current and future information systems, and many domains already leverage the capabilities of ML. However, deployment of ML in cybersecurity is still at an early stage, revealing a…

In a rapidly evolving job market, skill demand forecasting is crucial as it enables policymakers and businesses to anticipate and adapt to changes, ensuring that workforce skills align with market needs, thereby enhancing productivity and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Xi Chen , Chuan Qin , Chuyu Fang , Chao Wang , Chen Zhu , Fuzhen Zhuang , Hengshu Zhu , Hui Xiong

Cybersecurity spans multiple interconnected domains, complicating the development of meaningful, labor-relevant benchmarks. Existing benchmarks assess isolated skills rather than integrated performance. We find that pre-trained knowledge of…

The growth of the data science field requires better tools to understand such a fast-paced growing domain. Moreover, individuals from different backgrounds became interested in following a career as data scientists. Therefore, providing a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-07-21 Mojtaba Heidarysafa , Kamran Kowsari , Masoud Bashiri , Donald E. Brown

Cyber security has become an issue of national concern in the UK, USA and many other countries worldwide. Universities have reacted to this by launching numerous cyber security degree programmes. In this paper we explore the structure of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Lallie Harjinder , Sinclair Jane , Joy Mike , Janicke Helge , Price Blaine , Howley Richard

The cybersecurity landscape is constantly evolving, driven by increased digitalization and new cybersecurity threats. Cybersecurity programs often fail to equip graduates with skills demanded by the workforce, particularly concerning recent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Arthur Nijdam , Harri Kähkönen , Valtteri Niemi , Paul Stankovski Wagner , Sara Ramezanian

Cyber assurance, which is the ability to operate under the onslaught of cyber attacks and other unexpected events, is essential for organizations facing inundating security threats on a daily basis. Organizations usually employ multiple…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Nan Sun , Chang-Tsun Li , Hin Chan , Md Zahidul Islam , Md Rafiqul Islam , Warren Armstrong

As cyber threats increasingly exploit human behaviour, technical controls alone cannot ensure organisational cybersecurity (CS). Strengthening cybersecurity culture (CSC) is vital in safety-critical industries, yet empirical research in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Tita Alissa Bach , Linn Pedersen , Maria Kinck Borén† , Lisa Christoffersen Temte†

As our lives, our businesses, and indeed our world economy become increasingly reliant on the secure operation of many interconnected software systems, the software engineering research community is faced with unprecedented research…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Marcel Böhme , Eric Bodden , Tevfik Bultan , Cristian Cadar , Yang Liu , Giuseppe Scanniello

Poor software quality can adversely affect application security by increasing the potential for a malicious breach of a system. Because computer security and cybersecurity are becoming such relevant topics for practicing software engineers,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2015-12-10 Nicole Radziwill , Jessica Romano , Diane Shorter , Morgan Benton

Software development is a sociotechnical and human-centered endeavor in which human factors directly influence quality, productivity, and innovation capacity. In this context, career development in computing goes beyond technical mastery,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Israely Lima , Lucas Moura Lourenço , Márcio Ribeiro , Ivan Machado , Carla Ilane Bezerra

A cyber security organisation needs to ensure that its workforce possesses the necessary knowledge to fulfil its cyber security business functions. Similarly, where an organisation chooses to delegate their cyber security tasks to a third…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Lata Nautiyal , Awais Rashid