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Gradient-based saliency methods are widely used to interpret deep neural networks, yet they often produce noisy and unstable explanations that poorly align with semantically meaningful input features. We argue that a fundamental cause of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Ali Karkehabadi , Jamshid Hassanpour , Houman Homayoun , Avesta Sasan

Deep learning techniques have shown great potential in medical image processing, particularly through accurate and reliable image segmentation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans or computed tomography (CT) scans, which allow the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-10 Yang Liu , Ersi Zhang , Lulu Xu , Chufan Xiao , Xiaoyun Zhong , Lijin Lian , Fang Li , Bin Jiang , Yuhan Dong , Lan Ma , Qiming Huang , Ming Xu , Yongbing Zhang , Dongmei Yu , Chenggang Yan , Peiwu Qin

The class activation mapping, or CAM, has been the cornerstone of feature attribution methods for multiple vision tasks. Its simplicity and effectiveness have led to wide applications in the explanation of visual predictions and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Jae Myung Kim , Junsuk Choe , Zeynep Akata , Seong Joon Oh

A fundamental bottleneck in utilising complex machine learning systems for critical applications has been not knowing why they do and what they do, thus preventing the development of any crucial safety protocols. To date, no method exist…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Jan Rosenzweig , Zoran Cvetkovic , Ivana Rosenzweig

Visual explanation maps enhance the trustworthiness of decisions made by deep learning models and offer valuable guidance for developing new algorithms in image recognition tasks. Class activation maps (CAM) and their variants (e.g.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Yi Liao , Ugochukwu Ejike Akpudo , Jue Zhang , Yongsheng Gao , Jun Zhou , Wenyi Zeng , Weichuan Zhang

Class activation map (CAM) highlights regions of classes based on classification network, which is widely used in weakly supervised tasks. However, it faces the problem that the class activation regions are usually small and local. Although…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-09-24 Kaixu Huang , Fanman Meng , Hongliang Li , Shuai Chen , Qingbo Wu , King N. Ngan

As Deep Neural Network models for face processing tasks approach human-like performance, their deployment in critical applications such as law enforcement and access control has seen an upswing, where any failure may have far-reaching…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Thrupthi Ann John , Vineeth N Balasubramanian , C V Jawahar

Deep neural networks have shown their profound impact on achieving human level performance in visual saliency prediction. However, it is still unclear how they learn the task and what it means in terms of understanding human visual system.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-09 Sai Phani Kumar Malladi , Jayanta Mukhopadhyay , Chaker Larabi , Santanu Chaudhury

A key problem in salient object detection is how to effectively model the semantic properties of salient objects in a data-driven manner. In this paper, we propose a multi-task deep saliency model based on a fully convolutional neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-08-24 Xi Li , Liming Zhao , Lina Wei , Ming-Hsuan Yang , Fei Wu , Yueting Zhuang , Haibin Ling , Jingdong Wang

There has been profound progress in visual saliency thanks to the deep learning architectures, however, there still exist three major challenges that hinder the detection performance for scenes with complex compositions, multiple salient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-08-16 Jing Zhang , Yuchao Dai , Fatih Porikli , Mingyi He

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) is a powerful technique used to understand the decision making of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in computer vision. Recently, there have been attempts not only to generate better visual explanations, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Kwang Hee Lee , Chaewon Park , Junghyun Oh , Nojun Kwak

In recent years, several Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation (WS3) methods have been proposed that use class activation maps (CAMs) generated by a classifier to produce pseudo-ground truths for training segmentation models. While CAMs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-23 M. Maruf , Arka Daw , Amartya Dutta , Jie Bu , Anuj Karpatne

Saliency methods can make deep neural network predictions more interpretable by identifying a set of critical features in an input sample, such as pixels that contribute most strongly to a prediction made by an image classifier.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Yang Lu , Wenbo Guo , Xinyu Xing , William Stafford Noble

Existing method generates class activation map (CAM) by a set of fixed classes (i.e., using all the classes), while the discriminative cues between class pairs are not considered. Note that activation maps by considering different class…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-01-24 Fanman Meng , Kaixu Huang , Hongliang Li , Qingbo Wu

Class attribution maps (CAMs) provide local explanations for the decisions of convolutional neural networks. While widely used in practice, the evaluation of CAMs remains challenging due to the lack of ground-truth explanations, making it…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Luca Domeniconi , Alessandra Stramiglio , Michele Lombardi , Samuele Salti

To address the challenges of providing quick and plausible explanations in Explainable AI (XAI) for object detection models, we introduce the Gaussian Class Activation Mapping Explainer (G-CAME). Our method efficiently generates concise…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Quoc Khanh Nguyen , Truong Thanh Hung Nguyen , Vo Thanh Khang Nguyen , Van Binh Truong , Tuong Phan , Hung Cao

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) methods are widely used to visualize neural network decisions, yet their underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. To enhance the understanding of CAM methods and improve their explainability, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Huaiguang Cai

Recently, many methods to interpret and visualize deep neural network predictions have been proposed and significant progress has been made. However, a more class-discriminative and visually pleasing explanation is required. Thus, this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-06 Dasom Seo , Kanghan Oh , Il-Seok Oh

The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a widely used deep learning architecture for computer vision. However, its black box nature makes it difficult to interpret the behavior of the model. To mitigate this issue, AI practitioners have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Seok-Yong Byun , Wonju Lee

In this paper, we propose a fast deep learning method for object saliency detection using convolutional neural networks. In our approach, we use a gradient descent method to iteratively modify the input images based on the pixel-wise…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-02-02 Hengyue Pan , Hui Jiang