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Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) is a critical capability for real-world applications, enabling learning systems to adapt to new tasks while retaining knowledge from previous ones. Recent advancements in pre-trained models (PTMs) have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Kun He , Zijian Song , Shuoxi Zhang , John E. Hopcroft

Extensive researches have applied deep neural networks (DNNs) in class incremental learning (Class-IL). As building blocks of DNNs, batch normalization (BN) standardizes intermediate feature maps and has been widely validated to improve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Minghao Zhou , Quanziang Wang , Jun Shu , Qian Zhao , Deyu Meng

With the widespread adoption of deep learning in visual tasks, Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) has become an important paradigm for handling dynamically evolving data distributions. However, CIL faces the core challenge of catastrophic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Jinge Ma , Fengqing Zhu

Multi-Class Incremental Learning (MCIL) aims to learn new concepts by incrementally updating a model trained on previous concepts. However, there is an inherent trade-off to effectively learning new concepts without catastrophic forgetting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Yaoyao Liu , Yuting Su , An-An Liu , Bernt Schiele , Qianru Sun

Class-incremental learning (CIL) aims to adapt to emerging new classes without forgetting old ones. Traditional CIL models are trained from scratch to continually acquire knowledge as data evolves. Recently, pre-training has achieved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Da-Wei Zhou , Zi-Wen Cai , Han-Jia Ye , De-Chuan Zhan , Ziwei Liu

The task of Long-tailed Class Incremental Learning (LT-CIL) addresses the sequential learning of new classes from datasets with imbalanced class distributions. This scenario intensifies the fundamental problem of catastrophic forgetting,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Taigo Sakai , Kazuhiro Hotta

This paper introduces a two-stage framework designed to enhance long-tail class incremental learning, enabling the model to progressively learn new classes, while mitigating catastrophic forgetting in the context of long-tailed data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Jayateja Kalla , Soma Biswas

Class incremental learning (CIL) requires an agent to learn distinct tasks consecutively with knowledge retention against forgetting. Problems impeding the practical applications of CIL methods are twofold: (1) non-i.i.d batch streams and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Junda Wang , Minghui Hu , Ning Li , Abdulaziz Al-Ali , Ponnuthurai Nagaratnam Suganthan

New objects are continuously emerging in the dynamically changing world and a real-world artificial intelligence system should be capable of continual and effectual adaptation to new emerging classes without forgetting old ones. In view of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Xuejun Han , Yuhong Guo

Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) aims to continuously acquire new categories while preserving previously learned knowledge. Recently, Contrastive Language-Image Pre-trained (CLIP) models have shown strong potential for CIL due to their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Tianqi Wang , Jingcai Guo

In class-incremental learning, the objective is to learn a number of classes sequentially without having access to the whole training data. However, due to a problem known as catastrophic forgetting, neural networks suffer substantial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Sobirdzhon Bobiev , Adil Khan , Syed Muhammad Ahsan Raza Kazmi

Exemplar-free class incremental learning (EF-CIL) is a nontrivial task that requires continuously enriching model capability with new classes while maintaining previously learned knowledge without storing and replaying any old class…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Tianqi Wang , Jingcai Guo , Depeng Li , Zhi Chen

We tackle the problem of class incremental learning (CIL) in the realm of landcover classification from optical remote sensing (RS) images in this paper. The paradigm of CIL has recently gained much prominence given the fact that data are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-06 S Divakar Bhat , Biplab Banerjee , Subhasis Chaudhuri , Avik Bhattacharya

Data in real-world object detection often exhibits the long-tailed distribution. Existing solutions tackle this problem by mitigating the competition between the head and tail categories. However, due to the scarcity of training samples,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Bo Li , Yongqiang Yao , Jingru Tan , Xin Lu , Fengwei Yu , Ye Luo , Jianwei Lu

Real-world environments are inherently non-stationary, frequently introducing new classes over time. This is especially common in time series classification, such as the emergence of new disease classification in healthcare or the addition…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Zhongzheng Qiao , Quang Pham , Zhen Cao , Hoang H Le , P. N. Suganthan , Xudong Jiang , Ramasamy Savitha

In class-incremental learning (class-IL), models must classify all previously seen classes at test time without task-IDs, leading to task confusion. Despite being a key challenge, task confusion lacks a theoretical understanding. We present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Milad Khademi Nori , Il-Min Kim

Class Incremental Learning (CIL) aims at learning a multi-class classifier in a phase-by-phase manner, in which only data of a subset of the classes are provided at each phase. Previous works mainly focus on mitigating forgetting in phases…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Yujun Shi , Kuangqi Zhou , Jian Liang , Zihang Jiang , Jiashi Feng , Philip Torr , Song Bai , Vincent Y. F. Tan

Existing continual learning techniques focus on either task incremental learning (TIL) or class incremental learning (CIL) problem, but not both. CIL and TIL differ mainly in that the task-id is provided for each test sample during testing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Gyuhak Kim , Sepideh Esmaeilpour , Changnan Xiao , Bing Liu

This paper proposes a simple but highly efficient expansion-based model for continual learning. The recent feature transformation, masking and factorization-based methods are efficient, but they grow the model only over the global or shared…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Soumya Roy , Vinay K Verma , Deepak Gupta

Long-tail class incremental learning (LT CIL) remains highly challenging because the scarcity of samples in tail classes not only hampers their learning but also exacerbates catastrophic forgetting under continuously evolving and imbalanced…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Xi Wang , Xu Yang , Donghao Sun , Cheng Deng
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