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We introduce the Scalable ZX-calculus (SZX-calculus for short), a formal and compact graphical language for the design and verification of quantum computations. The SZX-calculus is an extension of the ZX-calculus, a powerful framework that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-31 Titouan Carette , Dominic Horsman , Simon Perdrix

We present VOQC, the first fully verified optimizer for quantum circuits, written using the Coq proof assistant. Quantum circuits are expressed as programs in a simple, low-level language called SQIR, a simple quantum intermediate…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-11-16 Kesha Hietala , Robert Rand , Shih-Han Hung , Xiaodi Wu , Michael Hicks

A logical system derived from linear logic and called QMLL is introduced and shown able to capture all unitary quantum circuits. Conversely, any proof is shown to compute, through a concrete GoI interpretation, some quantum circuits. The…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2012-10-03 Ugo Dal Lago , Claudia Faggian

High-rate quantum error correcting codes mitigate the imposing scale of fault-tolerant quantum computers but require efficient generation of non-local, many-body entanglement. We provide a linear-optical architecture with these properties,…

Many quantum programs require circuits for addition, subtraction and logical operations. These circuits may be packaged within routines known as oracles. However, oracles can be tedious to code with current frameworks. To solve this problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-26 Ayush Tambde

The problem of simulating complex quantum processes on classical computers gave rise to the field of quantum simulations. Quantum simulators solve problems, such as Boson sampling, where classical counterparts fail. In another field of…

A systematic method for simulating small-scale quantum circuits by use of linear optical devices is presented. It relies on the representation of several quantum bits by a single photon, and on the implementation of universal quantum gates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-30 N. J. Cerf , C. Adami , P. G. Kwiat

The ZX-calculus is a graphical language for reasoning about ZX-diagrams, a type of tensor networks that can represent arbitrary linear maps between qubits. Using the ZX-calculus, we can intuitively reason about quantum theory, and optimise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-04 Aleks Kissinger , John van de Wetering

As large vision language models (VLMs) advance, their capabilities in multilingual visual question answering (mVQA) have significantly improved. Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning has been proven to enhance interpretability and complex…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Jing Huang , Zhiya Tan , Shutao Gong , Fanwei Zeng , Joey Tianyi Zhou , Changtao Miao , Huazhe Tan , Weibin Yao , Jianshu Li

We establish a formal bridge between qubit-based and photonic quantum computing. We do this by defining a functor from the ZX calculus to linear optical circuits. In the process we provide a compositional theory of quantum linear optics…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-16 Giovanni de Felice , Bob Coecke

Continuous-variable (CV) quantum information processing is a promising candidate for large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computation. However, analysis of CV quantum process relies mostly on direct computation of the evolution of operators…

Recent advances in vision-language models (VLMs) have achieved impressive results on standard image-text tasks, yet their potential for visual procedure question answering (VP-QA) remains largely unexplored. VP-QA presents unique challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Guanhua Chen , Yutong Yao , Shenghe Sun , Ci-Jun Gao , Shudong Liu , Lidia S. Chao , Feng Wan , Derek F. Wong

In the realm of quantum computing, quantum circuits serve as essential depictions of quantum algorithms, which are then compiled into executable operations for quantum computations. Quantum compilers are responsible for converting these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Vincent Langford , Shihan Zhao , Hongyu Zhang , Ben Dong , Qian Wang , Anees Rehman , Yuntao Liu

We present Stochastic Optical Quantum Circuit Simulator (SOQCS) C++/Python library for the simulation of quantum optical circuits, and we provide its implementation details. SOQCS offers a framework to define, simulate and study quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-17 Javier Osca , Jiri Vala

The ZX-Calculus is a graphical language for diagrammatic reasoning in quantum mechanics and quantum information theory. It comes equipped with an equational presentation. We focus here on a very important property of the language:…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-22 Emmanuel Jeandel , Simon Perdrix , Renaud Vilmart

Nonlinear optical cavities are crucial both in classical and quantum optics; in particular, nowadays optical parametric oscillators are one of the most versatile and tunable sources of coherent light, as well as the sources of the highest…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-22 Carlos Navarrete-Benlloch , Eugenio Roldán , Yue Chang , Tao Shi

The ZX-calculus is a universal graphical language for qubit quantum computation, meaning that every linear map between qubits can be expressed in the ZX-calculus. Furthermore, it is a complete graphical rewrite system: any equation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-22 Boldizsár Poór , Quanlong Wang , Razin A. Shaikh , Lia Yeh , Richie Yeung , Bob Coecke

Large language models (LLMs) show strong reasoning via chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting, but the process is opaque, which makes verification, debugging, and control difficult in high-stakes settings. We present Vis-CoT, a human-in-the-loop…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Kaviraj Pather , Elena Hadjigeorgiou , Arben Krasniqi , Claire Schmit , Irina Rusu , Marc Pons , Kabir Khan

Quantum computations are easily represented in the graphical notation known as the ZX-calculus, a.k.a. the red-green calculus. We demonstrate its use in reasoning about measurement-based quantum computing, where the graphical syntax…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-03-29 Ross Duncan

Graphical languages offer intuitive and rigorous formalisms for quantum physics. They can be used to simplify expressions, derive equalities, and do computations. Yet in order to replace conventional formalisms, rigour alone is not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-01 Miriam Backens