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Most of the Neural Cellular Automata (NCAs) defined in the literature have a common theme: they are based on regular grids with a Moore neighborhood (one-hop neighbour). They do not take into account long-range connections and more complex…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Léo Pio-Lopez , Benedikt Hartl , Michael Levin

Neural Cellular Automata (NCAs) are a promising new approach to model self-organizing processes, with potential applications in life science. However, their deterministic nature limits their ability to capture the stochasticity of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Salvatore Milite , Giulio Caravagna , Andrea Sottoriva

The emergent dynamics in spacetime diagrams of cellular automata (CAs) is often organised by means of a number of behavioural classes. Whilst classification of elementary CAs is feasible and well-studied, non-elementary CAs are generally…

Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases · Physics 2025-07-10 Michiel Rollier , Aisling J. Daly , Jan M. Baetens

We propose a lifelong learning architecture, the Neural Computer Agent (NCA), where a Reinforcement Learning agent is paired with a predictive model of the environment learned by a Differentiable Neural Computer (DNC). The agent and DNC…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-19 Adeel Mufti , Svetlin Penkov , Subramanian Ramamoorthy

Over the past decade, Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) have shown remarkable performance in most computer vision tasks. These tasks traditionally use a fixed dataset, and the model, once trained, is deployed as is. Adding new…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Deboleena Roy , Priyadarshini Panda , Kaushik Roy

Recent extensions of Cellular Automata (CA) have incorporated key ideas from modern deep learning, dramatically extending their capabilities and catalyzing a new family of Neural Cellular Automata (NCA) techniques. Inspired by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-03 Mattie Tesfaldet , Derek Nowrouzezahrai , Christopher Pal

At present, designing convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures requires both human expertise and labor. New architectures are handcrafted by careful experimentation or modified from a handful of existing networks. We introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-24 Bowen Baker , Otkrist Gupta , Nikhil Naik , Ramesh Raskar

While increasingly large models have revolutionized much of the machine learning landscape, training even mid-sized networks for Reinforcement Learning (RL) is still proving to be a struggle. This, however, severely limits the complexity of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Lukas Fehring , Marius Lindauer , Theresa Eimer

Diagnosis of hematological malignancies depends on accurate identification of white blood cells in peripheral blood smears. Deep learning techniques are emerging as a viable solution to scale and optimize this process by automatic cell…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Michael Deutges , Ario Sadafi , Nassir Navab , Carsten Marr

Neural cellular automata (Neural CA) are a recent framework used to model biological phenomena emerging from multicellular organisms. In these systems, artificial neural networks are used as update rules for cellular automata. Neural CA are…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Alexandre Variengien , Stefano Nichele , Tom Glover , Sidney Pontes-Filho

We propose Neural Cellular Automata (NCA) to simulate the microstructure development during the solidification process in metals. Based on convolutional neural networks, NCA can learn essential solidification features, such as preferred…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-09-08 Jian Tang , Siddhant Kumar , Laura De Lorenzis , Ehsan Hosseini

Information-theoretic fitness functions are becoming increasingly popular to produce generally useful, task-independent behaviors. One such universal function, dubbed empowerment, measures the amount of control an agent exerts on its…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Caitlin Grasso , Josh Bongard

Humans learn continually throughout their lifespan by accumulating diverse knowledge and fine-tuning it for future tasks. When presented with a similar goal, neural networks suffer from catastrophic forgetting if data distributions across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Dupati Srikar Chandra , Sakshi Varshney , P. K. Srijith , Sunil Gupta

Rapid advancements in deep learning over the past decade have fueled an insatiable demand for efficient and scalable hardware. Photonics offers a promising solution by leveraging the unique properties of light. However, conventional neural…

Data augmentation is an effective technique to improve the generalization of deep neural networks. Recently, AutoAugment proposed a well-designed search space and a search algorithm that automatically finds augmentation policies in a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Chih-Yang Chen , Che-Han Chang

Motivated by the interaction between cells, the recently introduced concept of Neural Cellular Automata shows promising results in a variety of tasks. So far, this concept was mostly used to generate images for a single scenario. As each…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-08-11 Maximilian Otte , Quentin Delfosse , Johannes Czech , Kristian Kersting

This study introduces EngramNCA, a neural cellular automaton (NCA) that integrates both publicly visible states and private, cell-internal memory channels, drawing inspiration from emerging biological evidence suggesting that memory storage…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Etienne Guichard , Felix Reimers , Mia Kvalsund , Mikkel Lepperød , Stefano Nichele

In this paper, we present a novel method for dynamically expanding Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) during training, aimed at meeting the increasing demand for efficient and sustainable deep learning models. Our approach, drawing from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Blaise Appolinary , Alex Deaconu , Sophia Yang , Qingze , Li

Neural Cellular Automata (NCA) models are trainable variations of traditional Cellular Automata (CA). Emergent motion in the patterns created by NCA has been successfully applied to synthesize dynamic textures. However, the conditions…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Yitao Xu , Ehsan Pajouheshgar , Sabine Süsstrunk

Neural cellular automata represent an evolution of the traditional cellular automata model, enhanced by the integration of a deep learning-based transition function. This shift from a manual to a data-driven approach significantly increases…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-26 Andrea Menta , Alberto Archetti , Matteo Matteucci