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Mean opinion score (MOS) is a popular subjective metric to assess the quality of synthesized speech, and usually involves multiple human judges to evaluate each speech utterance. To reduce the labor cost in MOS test, multiple methods have…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Yichong Leng , Xu Tan , Sheng Zhao , Frank Soong , Xiang-Yang Li , Tao Qin

An effective approach to automatically predict the subjective rating for synthetic speech is to train on a listening test dataset with human-annotated scores. Although each speech sample in the dataset is rated by several listeners, most…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Wen-Chin Huang , Erica Cooper , Junichi Yamagishi , Tomoki Toda

Automatic methods to predict listener opinions of synthesized speech remain elusive since listeners, systems being evaluated, characteristics of the speech, and even the instructions given and the rating scale all vary from test to test.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-02-15 Erica Cooper , Wen-Chin Huang , Tomoki Toda , Junichi Yamagishi

Mean opinion score (MOS) is a typical subjective evaluation metric for speech synthesis systems. Since collecting MOS is time-consuming, it would be desirable if there are accurate MOS prediction models for automatic evaluation. In this…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-16 Wei-Cheng Tseng , Wei-Tsung Kao , Hung-yi Lee

Although recent neural text-to-speech (TTS) systems have achieved high-quality speech synthesis, there are cases where a TTS system generates low-quality speech, mainly caused by limited training data or information loss during knowledge…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-26 Yeunju Choi , Youngmoon Jung , Youngjoo Suh , Hoirin Kim

Speech quality assessment is a critical process in selecting text-to-speech synthesis (TTS) or voice conversion models. Evaluation of voice synthesis can be done using objective metrics or subjective metrics. Although there are many…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Saurabh Agrawal , Raj Gohil , Gopal Kumar Agrawal , Vikram C M , Kushal Verma

Automatic methods to predict Mean Opinion Score (MOS) of listeners have been researched to assure the quality of Text-to-Speech systems. Many previous studies focus on architectural advances (e.g. MBNet, LDNet, etc.) to capture relations…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Aki Kunikoshi , Jaebok Kim , Wonsuk Jun , Kåre Sjölander

Speech quality assessment has been a critical issue in speech processing for decades. Existing automatic evaluations usually require clean references or parallel ground truth data, which is infeasible when the amount of data soars.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-21 Wei-Cheng Tseng , Chien-yu Huang , Wei-Tsung Kao , Yist Y. Lin , Hung-yi Lee

Perceptual speech quality is an important performance metric for teleconferencing applications. The mean opinion score (MOS) is standardized for the perceptual evaluation of speech quality and is obtained by asking listeners to rate the…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Haleh Akrami , Hannes Gamper

Self-supervised learning (SSL) models like Wav2Vec2, HuBERT, and WavLM have been widely used in speech processing. These transformer-based models consist of multiple layers, each capturing different levels of representation. While prior…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-13 Xinyu Liang , Fredrik Cumlin , Victor Ungureanu , Chandan K. A. Reddy , Christian Schuldt , Saikat Chatterjee

Predicting audio quality in voice synthesis and conversion systems is a critical yet challenging task, especially when traditional methods like Mean Opinion Scores (MOS) are cumbersome to collect at scale. This paper addresses the gap in…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Aditya Ravuri , Erica Cooper , Junichi Yamagishi

Automatic speech quality assessment plays a crucial role in the development of speech synthesis systems, but existing models exhibit significant performance variations across different granularity levels of prediction tasks. This paper…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Xintong Hu , Yixuan Chen , Rui Yang , Wenxiang Guo , Changhao Pan

Assessing the naturalness of speech using mean opinion score (MOS) prediction models has positive implications for the automatic evaluation of speech synthesis systems. Early MOS prediction models took the raw waveform or amplitude spectrum…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Yu-Fei Shi , Yang Ai , Ye-Xin Lu , Hui-Peng Du , Zhen-Hua Ling

As a subjective metric to evaluate the quality of synthesized speech, Mean opinion score~(MOS) usually requires multiple annotators to score the same speech. Such an annotation approach requires a lot of manpower and is also time-consuming.…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Kexin Wang , Yunlong Zhao , Qianqian Dong , Tom Ko , Mingxuan Wang

The Mean Opinion Score (MOS) serves as the standard metric for speech quality assessment, yet biases in human annotations remain underexplored. We conduct the first systematic analysis of gender bias in MOS, revealing that male listeners…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-17 Wenze Ren , Yi-Cheng Lin , Wen-Chin Huang , Erica Cooper , Ryandhimas E. Zezario , Hsin-Min Wang , Hung-yi Lee , Yu Tsao

Several studies have proposed deep-learning-based models to predict the mean opinion score (MOS) of synthesized speech, showing the possibility of replacing human raters. However, inter- and intra-rater variability in MOSs makes it hard to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-03 Yeunju Choi , Youngmoon Jung , Hoirin Kim

Text-to-Speech synthesis systems are generally evaluated using Mean Opinion Score (MOS) tests, where listeners score samples of synthetic speech on a Likert scale. A major drawback of MOS tests is that they only offer a general measure of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-07 Elijah Gutierrez , Pilar Oplustil-Gallegos , Catherine Lai

Developers of text-to-speech synthesizers (TTS) often make use of human raters to assess the quality of synthesized speech. We demonstrate that we can model human raters' mean opinion scores (MOS) of synthesized speech using a deep…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-11-29 Brian Patton , Yannis Agiomyrgiannakis , Michael Terry , Kevin Wilson , Rif A. Saurous , D. Sculley

Automatic Mean Opinion Score (MOS) prediction is employed to evaluate the quality of synthetic speech. This study extends the application of predicted MOS to the task of Fake Audio Detection (FAD), as we expect that MOS can be used to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-26 Wangjin Zhou , Zhengdong Yang , Chenhui Chu , Sheng Li , Raj Dabre , Yi Zhao , Tatsuya Kawahara

Existing objective evaluation metrics for voice conversion (VC) are not always correlated with human perception. Therefore, training VC models with such criteria may not effectively improve naturalness and similarity of converted speech. In…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Chen-Chou Lo , Szu-Wei Fu , Wen-Chin Huang , Xin Wang , Junichi Yamagishi , Yu Tsao , Hsin-Min Wang
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