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Large language models (LLMs) continue to face challenges in reliably solving reasoning tasks, particularly those that require precise rule following, as often found in mathematical reasoning. This paper introduces a novel neurosymbolic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Varun Dhanraj , Chris Eliasmith

Symbolic regression searches for analytic expressions that accurately describe studied phenomena. The main attraction of this approach is that it returns an interpretable model that can be insightful to users. Historically, the majority of…

Discovering governing equations of complex network dynamics is a fundamental challenge in contemporary science with rich data, which can uncover the mysterious patterns and mechanisms of the formation and evolution of complex phenomena in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Jiao Hu , Jiaxu Cui , Bo Yang

Symbolic Regression (SR) can generate interpretable, concise expressions that fit a given dataset, allowing for more human understanding of the structure than black-box approaches. The addition of background knowledge (in the form of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Charles Fox , Neil Tran , Nikki Nacion , Samiha Sharlin , Tyler R. Josephson

Symbolic regression refers to the task of finding a closed-form mathematical expression to fit a set of data points. Genetic programming based techniques are the most common algorithms used to tackle this problem, but recently,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Ryan T. Tymkow , Benjamin D. Schnapp , Mojtaba Valipour , Ali Ghodshi

Recent advances in machine learning have demonstrated an enormous utility of deep learning approaches, particularly Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) for materials science. These methods have emerged as powerful tools for high-throughput…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-05-23 Junchi Liu , Ying Tang , Sergei Tretiak , Wenhui Duan , Liujiang Zhou

Conventional neural network elastoplasticity models are often perceived as lacking interpretability. This paper introduces a two-step machine learning approach that returns mathematical models interpretable by human experts. In particular,…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Bahador Bahmani , Hyoung Suk Suh , WaiChing Sun

Neural models and symbolic algorithms have recently been combined for tasks requiring both perception and reasoning. Neural models ground perceptual input into a conceptual vocabulary, on which a classical reasoning algorithm is applied to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Ananye Agarwal , Pradeep Shenoy , Mausam

Despite successful seminal works on passive systems in the literature, learning free-form physical laws for controlled dynamical systems given experimental data is still an open problem. For decades, symbolic mathematical equations and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Carlos Magno C. O. Valle , Sami Haddadin

Symbolic regression (SR) aims to discover the underlying mathematical expressions that explain observed data. This holds promise for both gaining scientific insight and for producing inherently interpretable and generalizable models for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 David Otte , Jörg K. H. Franke , Arbër Zela , Fábio Ferreira , Frank Hutter

Graph neural networks (GNNs) excel at predictive tasks on graph-structured data but often lack the ability to incorporate symbolic domain knowledge and perform general reasoning. Relational Bayesian Networks (RBNs), in contrast, enable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Raffaele Pojer , Andrea Passerini , Kim G. Larsen , Manfred Jaeger

Recurrent Neural Networks are an effective and prevalent tool used to model sequential data such as natural language text. However, their deep nature and massive number of parameters pose a challenge for those intending to study precisely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Lindsey Sawatzky , Steven Bergner , Fred Popowich

Symbolic Regression (SR) is a regression method that aims to discover mathematical expressions that describe the relationship between variables, and it is often implemented through Genetic Programming, a metaphor for the process of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Guilherme Seidyo Imai Aldeia

We introduce the concept of a \textbf{neuro-symbolic pair} -- neural and symbolic approaches that are linked through a common knowledge representation. Next, we present \textbf{taxonomic networks}, a type of discrimination network in which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Zekun Wang , Ethan L. Haarer , Nicki Barari , Christopher J. MacLellan

What types of numeric representations emerge in neural systems, and what would a satisfying answer to this question look like? In this work, we interpret Neural Network (NN) solutions to sequence based number tasks using a variety of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Satchel Grant , Noah D. Goodman , James L. McClelland

In Symbolic Regression (SR), Genetic Programming (GP) is a popular search algorithm that delivers state-of-the-art results in term of accuracy. Its success relies on the concept of neutrality, which induces large plateaus that the search…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Fabricio Olivetti de Franca , Gabriel Kronberger

Within the realm of deep learning, the interpretability of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), particularly in the context of image classification tasks, remains a formidable challenge. To this end we present a neurosymbolic framework,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Parth Padalkar , Gopal Gupta

In standard genetic programming (stdGP), solutions are varied by modifying their syntax, with uncertain effects on their semantics. Geometric-semantic genetic programming (GSGP), a popular variant of GP, effectively searches the semantic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Philipp Anthes , Dominik Sobania , Franz Rothlauf

Model-based approaches for (bio)process systems often suffer from incomplete knowledge of the underlying physical, chemical, or biological laws. Universal differential equations, which embed neural networks within differential equations,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-20 Arno Strouwen

This paper presents NEUROSPF, a tool for the symbolic analysis of neural networks. Given a trained neural network model, the tool extracts the architecture and model parameters and translates them into a Java representation that is amenable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Muhammad Usman , Yannic Noller , Corina Pasareanu , Youcheng Sun , Divya Gopinath