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With widespread adoption of electronic health records, there is an increased emphasis for predictive models that can effectively deal with clinical time-series data. Powered by Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) architectures with Long…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-07-17 Huan Song , Deepta Rajan , Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan , Andreas Spanias

Causal inference in multivariate time series is challenging due to the fact that the sampling rate may not be as fast as the timescale of the causal interactions. In this context, we can view our observed series as a subsampled version of…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-04-11 Alex Tank , Emily B. Fox , Ali Shojaie

Sustained treatment strategies are common in many domains, particularly in medicine, where many treatment are delivered repeatedly over time. The effects of adherence to a treatment strategy throughout follow-up are often more relevant to…

The proximal causal inference framework enables the identification and estimation of causal effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding by leveraging two disjoint sets of observed strong proxies: negative control treatments and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-16 Antonio Olivas-Martinez , Peter B. Gilbert , Andrea Rotnitzky

Choosing the best treatment-plan for each individual patient requires accurate forecasts of their outcome trajectories as a function of the treatment, over time. While large observational data sets constitute rich sources of information to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Jeroen Berrevoets , Alicia Curth , Ioana Bica , Eoin McKinney , Mihaela van der Schaar

Estimating individualized treatment effects from longitudinal observational data is central to data-driven medicine, yet existing methods face a fundamental limitation: reducing confounding bias often suppresses clinically informative…

Difference-in-differences (DID) is a popular approach to identify the causal effects of treatments and policies in the presence of unmeasured confounding. DID identifies the sample average treatment effect in the treated (SATT). However, a…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-21 Audrey Renson , Ellicott C. Matthay , Kara E. Rudolph

This paper studies Difference-in-Differences (DiD) setups with repeated cross-sectional data and potential compositional changes across time periods. We begin our analysis by deriving the efficient influence function and the semiparametric…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-11-17 Pedro H. C. Sant'Anna , Qi Xu

In stepped wedge cluster randomized trials (SW-CRTs), observations collected under the control condition are, on average, from an earlier time than observations collected under the intervention condition. In a cohort design, participants…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-23 Jale Basten , Katja Ickstadt , Nina Timmesfeld

We propose a difference-in-differences (DiD) framework designed for time-varying continuous treatments across multiple periods. Specifically, we estimate the average treatment effect on the treated (ATET) by comparing distinct non-zero…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-16 Michel F. C. Haddad , Martin Huber , José Eduardo Medina-Reyes , Lucas Z. Zhang

A key challenge in causal inference from observational studies is the identification and estimation of causal effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for causal inference that…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-17 Ying Zhou , Dingke Tang , Dehan Kong , Linbo Wang

In this article, we aim to provide a general and complete understanding of semi-supervised (SS) causal inference for treatment effects. Specifically, we consider two such estimands: (a) the average treatment effect and (b) the quantile…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-15 Abhishek Chakrabortty , Guorong Dai

Out-of-distribution generalization is key to building models that remain reliable across diverse environments. Recent causality-based methods address this challenge by learning invariant causal relationships in the underlying…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-10-24 Théotime Le Goff , Émilie Devijver

We present a novel extension of the influential changes-in-changes (CiC) framework of Athey and Imbens (2006) for estimating the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) and distributional causal effects in panel data with unmeasured…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-20 Jinghao Sun , Eric J. Tchetgen Tchetgen

The difference in restricted mean survival times between two groups is a clinically relevant summary measure. With observational data, there may be imbalances in confounding variables between the two groups. One approach to account for such…

Applications · Statistics 2014-10-17 Andrew Wey , David Vock , John Connett , Kyle Rudser

Personalized medicine based on medical images, including predicting future individualized clinical disease progression and treatment response, would have an enormous impact on healthcare and drug development, particularly for diseases (e.g.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Joshua Durso-Finley , Berardino Barile , Jean-Pierre Falet , Douglas L. Arnold , Nick Pawlowski , Tal Arbel

Evaluating the effects of time-varying exposures is essential for longitudinal studies. The effect estimation becomes increasingly challenging when dealing with hundreds of time-dependent confounders. We propose a Marginal Structure…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-21 Zhiwei Zhao , Chixiang Chen , Shuo Chen

The study of causal effects in the presence of unmeasured spatially varying confounders has garnered increasing attention. However, a general framework for identifiability, which is critical for reliable causal inference from observational…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-27 Tommy Tang , Xinran Li , Bo Li

Spatiotemporal forecasting is critical for real-world applications like traffic management, yet capturing reliable interactions remains challenging under noisy and non-stationary conditions. Existing methods primarily rely on historical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yinghao Ai , Yukai Zhou , Ruoxi Jiang , Junyi An , Chao Qu , Zhijian Zhou , Shiyu Wang , Fenglei Cao , Zenglin Xu , Furao Shen , Yuan Qi

Causal inference from observational data following the restricted structural causal model (SCM) framework hinges largely on the asymmetry between cause and effect from the data generating mechanisms, such as non-Gaussianity or nonlinearity.…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-09-06 Kang Du , Yu Xiang