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The dissemination of false information on online platforms presents a serious societal challenge. While manual fact-checking remains crucial, Large Language Models (LLMs) offer promising opportunities to support fact-checkers with their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Ivan Vykopal , Matúš Pikuliak , Simon Ostermann , Marián Šimko

For both human readers and pre-trained language models (PrLMs), lexical diversity may lead to confusion and inaccuracy when understanding the underlying semantic meanings of given sentences. By substituting complex words with simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Rongzhou Bao , Jiayi Wang , Zhuosheng Zhang , Hai Zhao

Despite recent progress in abstractive summarization, models often generate summaries with factual errors. Numerous approaches to detect these errors have been proposed, the most popular of which are question answering (QA)-based factuality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Ryo Kamoi , Tanya Goyal , Greg Durrett

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as sources of information, yet their reliability depends on the ability to search the web, select relevant evidence, and synthesize complete answers. While recent benchmarks evaluate…

As large language models (LLMs) continue to evolve, the need for robust and standardized evaluation benchmarks becomes paramount. Evaluating the performance of these models is a complex challenge that requires careful consideration of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Marco AF Pimentel , Clément Christophe , Tathagata Raha , Prateek Munjal , Praveen K Kanithi , Shadab Khan

Improvements in large language models have led to increasing optimism that they can serve as reliable evaluators of natural language generation outputs. In this paper, we challenge this optimism by thoroughly re-evaluating five…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Ameya Godbole , Robin Jia

The increased use of large language models (LLMs) across a variety of real-world applications calls for mechanisms to verify the factual accuracy of their outputs. In this work, we present a holistic end-to-end solution for annotating the…

Grounded text generation systems often generate text that contains factual inconsistencies, hindering their real-world applicability. Automatic factual consistency evaluation may help alleviate this limitation by accelerating evaluation…

Practical applications of abstractive summarization models are limited by frequent factual inconsistencies with respect to their input. Existing automatic evaluation metrics for summarization are largely insensitive to such errors. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-10 Alex Wang , Kyunghyun Cho , Mike Lewis

Despite some recent advances, automatic text summarization remains unreliable, elusive, and of limited practical use in applications. Two main problems with current summarization methods are well known: evaluation and factual consistency.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Jay Ahn , Foaad Khosmood

Recently proposed long-form question answering (QA) systems, supported by large language models (LLMs), have shown promising capabilities. Yet, attributing and verifying their generated abstractive answers can be difficult, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Tal Schuster , Adam D. Lelkes , Haitian Sun , Jai Gupta , Jonathan Berant , William W. Cohen , Donald Metzler

Evaluating long document summaries remains the primary bottleneck in summarization research. Existing metrics correlate weakly with human judgments and produce aggregate scores without explaining deficiencies or guiding improvement,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Huyen Nguyen , Haoxuan Zhang , Yang Zhang , Haihua Chen , Junhua Ding

This paper introduces DateLogicQA, a benchmark with 190 questions covering diverse date formats, temporal contexts, and reasoning types. We propose the Semantic Integrity Metric to assess tokenization quality and analyse two biases:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Gagan Bhatia , MingZe Tang , Cristina Mahanta , Madiha Kazi

Knowledge base completion (KBC) methods aim at inferring missing facts from the information present in a knowledge base (KB) by estimating the likelihood of candidate facts. In the prevailing evaluation paradigm, models do not actually…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-12 Marina Speranskaya , Martin Schmitt , Benjamin Roth

Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) is the task of answering a question over a paragraph of text. While neural MRC systems gain popularity and achieve noticeable performance, issues are being raised with the methodology used to establish…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-11 Viktor Schlegel , Marco Valentino , André Freitas , Goran Nenadic , Riza Batista-Navarro

Current evaluation metrics for language modeling and generation rely heavily on the accuracy of predicted (or generated) words as compared to a reference ground truth. While important, token-level accuracy only captures one aspect of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Shiran Dudy , Steven Bedrick

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in formal theorem proving, yet evaluating semantic correctness remains challenging. Existing evaluations rely on indirect proxies such as lexical overlap with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Jongyoon Kim , Hojae Han , Seung-won Hwang

Reliably determining the performance of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems depends on comprehensive test questions. While a proliferation of evaluation frameworks for LLM-powered applications exists, current practices lack a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Noah Broestl , Adel Nasser Abdalla , Rajprakash Bale , Hersh Gupta , Max Struever

ROUGE is a widely adopted, automatic evaluation measure for text summarization. While it has been shown to correlate well with human judgements, it is biased towards surface lexical similarities. This makes it unsuitable for the evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-08-26 Jun-Ping Ng , Viktoria Abrecht

In recent years, Question Answering systems have become more popular and widely used by users. Despite the increasing popularity of these systems, the their performance is not even sufficient for textual data and requires further research.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Jamshid Mozafari , Afsaneh Fatemi , Mohammad Ali Nematbakhsh