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The power law has been observed in the degree distributions of many biological neural networks. Sparse deep neural networks, which learn an economical representation from the data, resemble biological neural networks in many ways. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-08 Lu Hou , James T. Kwok

Power law or generalized polynomial regressions with unknown real-valued exponents and coefficients, and weakly dependent errors, are considered for observations over time, space or space--time. Consistency and asymptotic normality of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-05-14 Peter M. Robinson

The success of today's large language models (LLMs) depends on the observation that larger models perform better. However, the origin of this neural scaling law, that loss decreases as a power law with model size, remains unclear. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Yizhou Liu , Ziming Liu , Jeff Gore

Deep learning has recently revealed the existence of scaling laws, demonstrating that model performance follows predictable trends based on dataset and model sizes. Inspired by these findings and fascinating phenomena emerging in the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-10 Mattia Rosso , Simone Rossi , Giulio Franzese , Markus Heinonen , Maurizio Filippone

Recently a number of empirical "universal" scaling law papers have been published, most notably by OpenAI. `Scaling laws' refers to power-law decreases of training or test error w.r.t. more data, larger neural networks, and/or more compute.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-15 Marcus Hutter

We study empirical scaling laws for language model performance on the cross-entropy loss. The loss scales as a power-law with model size, dataset size, and the amount of compute used for training, with some trends spanning more than seven…

We study empirical scaling laws for transfer learning between distributions in an unsupervised, fine-tuning setting. When we train increasingly large neural networks from-scratch on a fixed-size dataset, they eventually become data-limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-03 Danny Hernandez , Jared Kaplan , Tom Henighan , Sam McCandlish

Power-law scaling in coarse-grained data suggests critical dynamics, but the true source of this scaling often remains unclear. Here, we analyze neural activity recorded during spatial navigation, reproducing power-law scaling under a…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-08-01 John J. Briguglio , Jaesung Lee , Albert K. Lee , Vincent Hakim , Sandro Romani

Scaling up neural models has yielded significant advancements in a wide array of tasks, particularly in language generation. Previous studies have found that the performance of neural models frequently adheres to predictable scaling laws,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Yan Fang , Jingtao Zhan , Qingyao Ai , Jiaxin Mao , Weihang Su , Jia Chen , Yiqun Liu

When data is plentiful, the loss achieved by well-trained neural networks scales as a power-law $L \propto N^{-\alpha}$ in the number of network parameters $N$. This empirical scaling law holds for a wide variety of data modalities, and may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-24 Utkarsh Sharma , Jared Kaplan

Several populational networks present complex topologies when implemented in evolutionary algorithms. A common feature of these topologies is the emergence of a power law. Power law behavior with different scaling factors can also be…

Computation · Statistics 2022-03-08 Francisco Leonardo Bezerra Martins , José Cláudio do Nascimento

Many time series produced by complex systems are empirically found to follow power-law distributions with different exponents $\alpha$. By permuting the independently drawn samples from a power-law distribution, we present non-trivial…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2017-05-24 Fangjian Guo , Dan Yang , Zimo Yang , Zhi-Dan Zhao , Tao Zhou

Understanding the properties of response time distributions is a long-standing problem in cognitive science. We provide a tutorial overview of several contemporary models that assume power law scaling is a plausible description of the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2015-10-15 Z. Liu , O. Pavlov Garcia , J. G. Holden , R. A. Serota

In this contribution, we propose a detailed study of interpolation-based data-driven methods that are of relevance in the model reduction and also in the systems and control communities. The data are given by samples of the transfer…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-01-13 Quirin Aumann , Ion Victor Gosea

Widely observed neural scaling laws, in which error falls off as a power of the training set size, model size, or both, have driven substantial performance improvements in deep learning. However, these improvements through scaling alone…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Ben Sorscher , Robert Geirhos , Shashank Shekhar , Surya Ganguli , Ari S. Morcos

Statistical Inference is the process of determining a probability distribution over the space of parameters of a model given a data set. As more data becomes available this probability distribution becomes updated via the application of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2022-04-28 David S. Berman , Jonathan J. Heckman , Marc Klinger

It turns out that some empirical facts in Big Data are the effects of properties of large numbers. Zipf's law 'noise' is an example of such an artefact. We expose several properties of the power law distributions and of similar distribution…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-05-09 Horia-Nicolai L. Teodorescu

We investigate the role of feature superposition in the emergence of power-law training dynamics using a teacher-student framework. We first derive an analytic theory for training without superposition, establishing that the power-law…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zixin Jessie Chen , Hao Chen , Yizhou Liu , Jeff Gore

Neural scaling laws define a predictable relationship between a model's parameter count and its performance after training in the form of a power law. However, most research to date has not explicitly investigated whether scaling laws can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Maor Ivgi , Yair Carmon , Jonathan Berant

Scaling laws have played a major role in the modern AI revolution, providing practitioners predictive power over how the model performance will improve with increasing data, compute, and number of model parameters. This has spurred an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Maissam Barkeshli , Alberto Alfarano , Andrey Gromov