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Motivated by modern observational studies, we introduce a class of functional models that expands nested and crossed designs. These models account for the natural inheritance of correlation structure from sampling design in studies where…

Applications · Statistics 2013-04-26 Haochang Shou , Vadim Zipunnikov , Ciprian M. Crainiceanu , Sonja Greven

Real-time monitoring in modern medical research introduces functional longitudinal data, characterized by continuous-time measurements of outcomes, treatments, and confounders. This complexity leads to uncountably infinite…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-15 Andrew Ying

We study the causal effect with a functional treatment variable, where practical applications often arise in neuroscience, biomedical sciences, etc. Previous research concerning the effect of a functional variable on an outcome is typically…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-20 Ruoxu Tan , Wei Huang , Zheng Zhang , Guosheng Yin

Boundary Discontinuity (BD) designs are used in empirical research to learn about causal treatment effects along a continuous assignment boundary defined by a bivariate score. These designs are also known as multi-score regression…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-29 Matias D. Cattaneo , Rocio Titiunik , Ruiqi Rae Yu

We study nonparametric distance-based (isotropic) local polynomial methods for estimating the boundary average treatment effect curve, a causal functional that captures treatment effect heterogeneity in boundary discontinuity designs. We…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-26 Matias D. Cattaneo , Rocio Titiunik , Ruiqi Rae Yu

We consider causal inference in dynamic settings where treatment is assigned by thresholding a state variable that can change over time. There is a large literature on regression-discontinuity methods building on the fact that, in the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-25 Aditya Ghosh , Stefan Wager

Causal discovery in time series is increasingly performed using nonlinear machine-learning models, yet the resulting causal relationships are almost always summarized by scalar edge scores. We argue that this practice obscures the true…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Valentina V. Kuskova , Dmitry Zaytsev , Michael Coppedge

In some causal inference scenarios, the treatment variable is measured inaccurately, for instance in epidemiology or econometrics. Failure to correct for the effect of this measurement error can lead to biased causal effect estimates.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Antti Pöllänen , Pekka Marttinen

The regression discontinuity (RD) design is a quasi-experimental design that estimates the causal effects of a treatment by exploiting naturally occurring treatment rules. It can be applied in any context where a particular treatment or…

Regression discontinuity (RD) designs are a popular approach to estimating a treatment effect of cutoff-based interventions. Two current estimation approaches dominate the literature. One fits separate regressions on either side of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-10 Daryl Swartzentruber , Eloise Kaizar

The functional linear model is an important extension of the classical regression model allowing for scalar responses to be modeled as functions of stochastic processes. Yet, despite the usefulness and popularity of the functional linear…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-27 Ioannis Kalogridis , Stanislav Nagy

Regression discontinuity designs (RDD) are widely used for causal inference. In many empirical applications, treatment effects vary substantially with covariates, and ignoring such heterogeneity can lead to misleading conclusions, which…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-05 Daisuke Kondo , Shonosuke Sugasawa

We extend the continuity-based framework to Regression Discontinuity Designs (RDDs) to identify and estimate causal effects under interference when units are connected through a network. Assignment to an "effective treatment," combining the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-20 Elena Dal Torrione , Tiziano Arduini , Laura Forastiere

We propose a new estimation method for heterogeneous causal effects which utilizes a regression discontinuity (RD) design for multiple datasets with different thresholds. The standard RD design is frequently used in applied researches, but…

Econometrics · Economics 2019-05-14 Takayuki Toda , Ayako Wakano , Takahiro Hoshino

Standard regression discontinuity design (RDD) models rely on the continuity of expected potential outcomes at the cutoff. The standard continuity assumption can be violated by strategic manipulation of the running variable, which is…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-07-18 Rahul Singh , Moses Stewart

The vast majority of literature on evaluating the significance of a treatment effect based on observational data has been confined to discrete treatments. These methods are not applicable to drawing inference for a continuous treatment,…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-05-23 Charles R. Doss , Guangwei Weng , Lan Wang , Ira Moscovice , Tongtan Chantarat

Second-order characteristics including covariance and spectral density functions are fundamentally important for both statistical applications and theoretical analysis in functional time series. In the high-dimensional setting where the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-16 Bufan Li , Xinghao Qiao , Weichi Wu , Holger Dette

Multidimensional heterogeneity and endogeneity are important features of a wide class of econometric models. With control variables to correct for endogeneity, nonparametric identification of treatment effects requires strong support…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-01-28 Whitney K. Newey , Sami Stouli

Mendelian randomization (MR) is widely used to uncover causal relationships in the presence of unmeasured confounders. However, most existing MR methods presuppose linear causality, risking bias when the true relationships are nonlinear,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-05 Xinpei Wang , Tao Huang , Jinzhu Jia

Structural monitoring for complex built environments often suffers from mismatch between design, laboratory testing, and actual built parameters. Additionally, real-world structural identification problems encounter many challenges. For…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-29 Xuyang Li , Hamed Bolandi , Talal Salem , Nizar Lajnef , Vishnu Naresh Boddeti