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Autoformalization plays a crucial role in formal mathematical reasoning by enabling the automatic translation of natural language statements into formal languages. While recent advances using large language models (LLMs) have shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Lan Zhang , Marco Valentino , Andre Freitas

Current machine learning models are evaluated through behavioral snapshots, with benchmark accuracies, win rates and outcome-based metrics. Model explanations and evaluations, however, are fundamentally intertwined: understanding why a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Isabelle Lee , Emmy Liu , Cathy Jiao , Brihi Joshi , Dani Yogatama , Fazl Barez , Michael Saxon

The majority of NLG evaluation relies on automatic metrics, such as BLEU . In this paper, we motivate the need for novel, system- and data-independent automatic evaluation methods: We investigate a wide range of metrics, including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-18 Jekaterina Novikova , Ondřej Dušek , Amanda Cercas Curry , Verena Rieser

We review state-of-the-art formal methods applied to the emerging field of the verification of machine learning systems. Formal methods can provide rigorous correctness guarantees on hardware and software systems. Thanks to the availability…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Caterina Urban , Antoine Miné

Style transfer methods produce a transferred image which is a rendering of a content image in the manner of a style image. We seek to understand how to improve style transfer. To do so requires quantitative evaluation procedures, but the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-17 Mao-Chuang Yeh , Shuai Tang , Anand Bhattad , Chuhang Zou , David Forsyth

Automatic metrics are extensively used to evaluate natural language processing systems. However, there has been increasing focus on how they are used and reported by practitioners within the field. In this paper, we have conducted a survey…

Large language models are increasingly being used to label or rate psychological features in text data. This approach helps address one of the limiting factors of digital trace data - their lack of an inherent target of measurement.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Joseph J. P. Simons , Wong Liang Ze , Prasanta Bhattacharya , Brandon Siyuan Loh , Wei Gao

Recent studies emphasize the need of document context in human evaluation of machine translations, but little research has been done on the impact of user interfaces on annotator productivity and the reliability of assessments. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Roman Grundkiewicz , Marcin Junczys-Dowmunt , Christian Federmann , Tom Kocmi

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) as chat assistants capable of generating human-like conversations has amplified the need for robust evaluation methods, particularly for open-ended tasks. Conventional metrics such as EM and F1,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Sher Badshah , Hassan Sajjad

Annually, at the Conference of Machine Translation (WMT), the Metrics Shared Task organizers conduct the meta-evaluation of Machine Translation (MT) metrics, ranking them according to their correlation with human judgments. Their results…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Stefano Perrella , Lorenzo Proietti , Alessandro Scirè , Edoardo Barba , Roberto Navigli

This position paper argues that the evaluation of modern visual processing systems should no longer be driven primarily by single-metric image quality assessment benchmarks, particularly in the era of generative and perception-oriented…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Jinfan Hu , Fanghua Yu , Zhiyuan You , Xiang Yin , Hongyu An , Xinqi Lin , Chao Dong , Jinjin Gu

Devising metrics to assess translation quality has always been at the core of machine translation (MT) research. Traditional automatic reference-based metrics, such as BLEU, have shown correlations with human judgements of adequacy and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-15 Carolina Scarton , Mikel L. Forcada , Miquel Esplà-Gomis , Lucia Specia

Offensive and abusive language is a pressing problem on social media platforms. In this work, we propose a method for transforming offensive comments, statements containing profanity or offensive language, into non-offensive ones. We design…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Minh Tran , Yipeng Zhang , Mohammad Soleymani

Recent advances in text-to-speech (TTS) technology have enabled systems to generate speech that is often indistinguishable from human speech, bringing benefits to accessibility, content creation, and human-computer interaction. However,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-26 Yifan Yang , Hui Wang , Bing Han , Shujie Liu , Jinyu Li , Yong Qin , Xie Chen

Building machines that can understand text like humans is an AI-complete problem. A great deal of research has already gone into this, with astounding results, allowing everyday people to discuss with their telephones, or have their reading…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-09-13 Christina Lioma

In Machine Translation, assessing the quality of a large amount of automatic translations can be challenging. Automatic metrics are not reliable when it comes to high performing systems. In addition, resorting to human evaluators can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-31 Vânia Mendonça , Ricardo Rei , Luisa Coheur , Alberto Sardinha , Ana Lúcia Santos

This work addresses critical challenges to academic integrity, including plagiarism, fabrication, and verification of authorship of educational content, by proposing a Natural Language Processing (NLP)-based framework for authenticating…

Traditional reference-based metrics, such as BLEU and ROUGE, are less effective for assessing outputs from Large Language Models (LLMs) that produce highly creative or superior-quality text, or in situations where reference outputs are…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Qian Pan , Zahra Ashktorab , Michael Desmond , Martin Santillan Cooper , James Johnson , Rahul Nair , Elizabeth Daly , Werner Geyer

Though generative dialogue modeling is widely seen as a language modeling task, the task demands an agent to have a complex natural language understanding of its input text to carry a meaningful interaction with an user. The automatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-25 Prasanna Parthasarathi , Joelle Pineau , Sarath Chandar

Algorithms and other formal models purportedly incorporating human values like fairness have grown increasingly popular in computer science. In response to sociotechnical challenges in the use of these models, designers and researchers have…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Benjamin Fish , Luke Stark