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Time series analysis is a vital task with broad applications in various domains. However, effectively capturing cross-dimension and cross-time dependencies in non-stationary time series poses significant challenges, particularly in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Kexuan Zhang , Xiaobei Zou , Yang Tang

Aligning the decision-making process of machine learning algorithms with that of experienced radiologists is crucial for reliable diagnosis. While existing methods have attempted to align their diagnosis behaviors to those of radiologists…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Mingzhou Liu , Ching-Wen Lee , Xinwei Sun , Yu Qiao , Yizhou Wang

We present Timer-XL, a causal Transformer for unified time series forecasting. To uniformly predict multidimensional time series, we generalize next token prediction, predominantly adopted for 1D token sequences, to multivariate next token…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yong Liu , Guo Qin , Xiangdong Huang , Jianmin Wang , Mingsheng Long

Machine learning models based on temporal point processes are the state of the art in a wide variety of applications involving discrete events in continuous time. However, these models lack the ability to answer counterfactual questions,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Kimia Noorbakhsh , Manuel Gomez Rodriguez

Causal world models are systems that can answer counterfactual questions about an environment of interest, i.e. predict how it would have evolved if an arbitrary subset of events had been realized differently. It requires understanding the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Gaël Gendron , Jože M. Rožanec , Michael Witbrock , Gillian Dobbie

Predictive models can fail to generalize from training to deployment environments because of dataset shift, posing a threat to model reliability and the safety of downstream decisions made in practice. Instead of using samples from the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-08-10 Adarsh Subbaswamy , Suchi Saria

In the framework of learned image compression, the context model plays a pivotal role in capturing the dependencies among latent representations. To reduce the decoding time resulting from the serial autoregressive context model, the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-01 Yang Sui , Ding Ding , Xiang Pan , Xiaozhong Xu , Shan Liu , Bo Yuan , Zhenzhong Chen

The proximal causal inference framework enables the identification and estimation of causal effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding by leveraging two disjoint sets of observed strong proxies: negative control treatments and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-16 Antonio Olivas-Martinez , Peter B. Gilbert , Andrea Rotnitzky

Accurate vehicle trajectory prediction is crucial for ensuring safe and efficient autonomous driving. This work explores the integration of Transformer based model with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) based technique to enhance spatial and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Chandra Raskoti , Weizi Li

Currently, convolutional neural networks (CNN) (e.g., U-Net) have become the de facto standard and attained immense success in medical image segmentation. However, as a downside, CNN based methods are a double-edged sword as they fail to…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-01 Reza Azad , Moein Heidari , Yuli Wu , Dorit Merhof

Counterfactual estimation from observations represents a critical endeavor in numerous application fields, such as healthcare and finance, with the primary challenge being the mitigation of treatment bias. The balancing strategy aimed at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Qiang Huang , Chuizheng Meng , Defu Cao , Biwei Huang , Yi Chang , Yan Liu

Estimating causal effects is vital for decision making. In standard causal effect estimation, treatments are usually binary- or continuous-valued. However, in many important real-world settings, treatments can be structured,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-02 Oriol Corcoll Andreu , Athanasios Vlontzos , Michael O'Riordan , Ciaran M. Gilligan-Lee

Counterfactual inference for continuous rather than binary treatment variables is more common in real-world causal inference tasks. While there are already some sample reweighting methods based on Marginal Structural Model for eliminating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Yonghe Zhao , Qiang Huang , Haolong Zeng , Yun Pen , Huiyan Sun

The Synthetic Control method has pioneered a class of powerful data-driven techniques to estimate the counterfactual reality of a unit from donor units. At its core, the technique involves a linear model fitted on the pre-intervention…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Bhishma Dedhia , Roshini Balasubramanian , Niraj K. Jha

We address the problem of counterfactual regression using causal inference (CI) in observational studies consisting of high dimensional covariates and high cardinality treatments. Confounding bias, which leads to inaccurate treatment effect…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-04-12 Ankit Sharma , Garima Gupta , Ranjitha Prasad , Arnab Chatterjee , Lovekesh Vig , Gautam Shroff

Counterfactual inference aims to answer retrospective "what if" questions and thus belongs to the most fine-grained type of inference in Pearl's causality ladder. Existing methods for counterfactual inference with continuous outcomes aim at…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-12 Valentyn Melnychuk , Dennis Frauen , Stefan Feuerriegel

We propose an interactive methodology for generating counterfactual explanations for univariate time series data in classification tasks by leveraging 2D projections and decision boundary maps to tackle interpretability challenges. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Udo Schlegel , Julius Rauscher , Daniel A. Keim

Sleep disorders have a major impact on both lifestyle and health. Effective sleep disorder prediction from lifestyle and physiological data can provide essential details for early intervention. This research utilizes three deep time series…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Pegah Ahadian , Wei Xu , Sherry Wang , Qiang Guan

Causal structure discovery methods are commonly applied to structured data where the causal variables are known and where statistical testing can be used to assess the causal relationships. By contrast, recovering a causal structure from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Gaël Gendron , Jože M. Rožanec , Michael Witbrock , Gillian Dobbie

Estimating causal effects on time-to-event outcomes from observational data is particularly challenging due to censoring, limited sample sizes, and non-random treatment assignment. The need for answering such "when-if" questions--how the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Jessy Xinyi Han , Devavrat Shah