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Legal judgment prediction (LJP), which enables litigants and their lawyers to forecast judgment outcomes and refine litigation strategies, has emerged as a crucial legal NLP task. Existing studies typically utilize legal facts, i.e., facts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Junkai Liu , Yujie Tong , Hui Huang , Bowen Zheng , Yiran Hu , Peicheng Wu , Chuan Xiao , Makoto Onizuka , Muyun Yang , Shuyuan Zheng

Legal systems worldwide continue to struggle with overwhelming caseloads, limited judicial resources, and growing complexities in legal proceedings. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers a promising solution, with Legal Judgment Prediction…

Given the fact description text of a legal case, legal judgment prediction (LJP) aims to predict the case's charge, law article and penalty term. A core problem of LJP is how to distinguish confusing legal cases, where only subtle text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Leilei Gan , Baokui Li , Kun Kuang , Yating Zhang , Lei Wang , Luu Anh Tuan , Yi Yang , Fei Wu

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) aims to form legal judgments based on the criminal fact description. However, researchers struggle to classify confusing criminal cases, such as robbery and theft, which requires LJP models to distinguish the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Pengjie Liu , Wang Zhang , Yulong Ding , Xuefeng Zhang , Shuang-Hua Yang

Legal judgment generation is a critical task in legal intelligence. However, existing research in legal judgment generation has predominantly focused on first-instance trials, relying on static fact-to-verdict mappings while neglecting the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Hongkun Yang , Lionel Z. Wang , Wei Fan , Yiran Hu , Lixu Wang , Chenyu Liu , Yu Zeng , Shenghong Fu , Lei Gong , Zhengxin Zhang , Haoyang Li , Jiexin Zheng , Xin Xu

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) predicts applicable law articles, charges, and penalty terms from case facts. Beyond accuracy, LJP calls for intrinsically interpretable and legally grounded reasoning that can reconcile statutory rules with…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Hui Liao , Chuan Qin , Yongwen Ren , Hao Li , Zhenya Huang , Yanyong Zhang , Chao Wang

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) has emerged as a key area in AI for law, aiming to automate judicial outcome forecasting and enhance interpretability in legal reasoning. While previous approaches in the Indian context have relied on…

Speculative decoding accelerates LLM inference by verifying candidate tokens from a draft model against a larger target model. Recent judge decoding boosts this process by relaxing verification criteria by accepting draft tokens that may…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Kanghoon Yoon , Minsub Kim , Sungjae Lee , Joonhyung Lee , Sunghyeon Woo , Yeonjun In , Se Jung Kwon , Chanyoung Park , Dongsoo Lee

The research field of Legal Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been very active recently, with Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) becoming one of the most extensively studied tasks. To date, most publicly released LJP datasets originate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Gil Semo , Dor Bernsohn , Ben Hagag , Gila Hayat , Joel Niklaus

Legal judgments may contain errors due to the complexity of case circumstances and the abstract nature of legal concepts, while existing appellate review mechanisms face efficiency pressures from a surge in case volumes. Although current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yifei Li , Richong Zhang , Wanyu Tu , Zhijie Nie , Haokun Luo , Chuantao Yin , Pengchong Li

This work involves the usage of various NLP models to predict the winner of a particular judgment by the means of text extraction and summarization from a judgment document. These documents are useful when it comes to legal proceedings. One…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Stanley Kingston , Prassanth , Shrinivas A , Balamurugan MS , Manoj Kumar Rajagopal

The charge prediction task is to determine appropriate charges for a given case, which is helpful for legal assistant systems where the user input is fact description. We argue that relevant law articles play an important role in this task,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-16 Bingfeng Luo , Yansong Feng , Jianbo Xu , Xiang Zhang , Dongyan Zhao

Legal judgment prediction is the task of automatically predicting the outcome of a court case, given a text describing the case's facts. Previous work on using neural models for this task has focused on Chinese; only feature-based models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-06 Ilias Chalkidis , Ion Androutsopoulos , Nikolaos Aletras

Existing LLM-as-a-Judge systems suffer from three fundamental limitations: limited adaptivity to task- and domain-specific evaluation criteria, systematic biases driven by non-semantic cues such as position, length, format, and model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Bo Yang , Lanfei Feng , Yunkui Chen , Yu Zhang , Xiao Xu , Shijian Li

Legal judgment prediction (LJP) aims to function as a judge by making final rulings based on case claims and facts, which plays a vital role in the judicial domain for supporting court decision-making and improving judicial efficiency.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Weijie Shi , Han Zhu , Jiaming Ji , Mengze Li , Jipeng Zhang , Ruiyuan Zhang , Jia Zhu , Jiajie Xu , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

In recent years,the entire field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) has enjoyed amazing novel results achieving almost human-like performance on a variety of tasks. Legal NLP domain has also been part of this process, as it has seen an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Mihai Masala , Traian Rebedea , Horia Velicu

Artificial intelligence is being utilized in many domains as of late, and the legal system is no exception. However, as it stands now, the number of well-annotated datasets pertaining to legal documents from the Supreme Court of the United…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Mohammad Alali , Shaayan Syed , Mohammed Alsayed , Smit Patel , Hemanth Bodala

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) aims to automatically predict a law case's judgment results based on the text description of its facts. In practice, the confusing law articles (or charges) problem frequently occurs, reflecting that the law…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Nuo Xu , Pinghui Wang , Junzhou Zhao , Feiyang Sun , Lin Lan , Jing Tao , Li Pan , Xiaohong Guan

In this paper, we give an overview of the Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) competition at Chinese AI and Law challenge (CAIL2018). This competition focuses on LJP which aims to predict the judgment results according to the given facts.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-10-16 Haoxi Zhong , Chaojun Xiao , Zhipeng Guo , Cunchao Tu , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun , Yansong Feng , Xianpei Han , Zhen Hu , Heng Wang , Jianfeng Xu

To reduce the need for human annotations, large language models (LLMs) have been proposed as judges of the quality of other candidate models. The performance of LLM judges is typically evaluated by measuring the correlation with human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Andreas Stephan , Dawei Zhu , Matthias Aßenmacher , Xiaoyu Shen , Benjamin Roth