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It is often the case that the best performing language model is an ensemble of a neural language model with n-grams. In this work, we propose a method to improve how these two models are combined. By using a small network which predicts the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-29 Anton Bakhtin , Arthur Szlam , Marc'Aurelio Ranzato , Edouard Grave

We present EXAONE Deep series, which exhibits superior capabilities in various reasoning tasks, including math and coding benchmarks. We train our models mainly on the reasoning-specialized dataset that incorporates long streams of thought…

This research aims to build generative language models specialized for the legal domain. The manuscript presents the development of LexGPT models based on GPT-J models and pre-trained with Pile of Law. The foundation model built in this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Jieh-Sheng Lee

The recent advent of large language models has reinvigorated debate over whether human cognitive capacities might emerge in such generic models given sufficient training data. Of particular interest is the ability of these models to reason…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Taylor Webb , Keith J. Holyoak , Hongjing Lu

Open reasoning language models are often compared under mixed sample sizes, partially standardized prompts, and accuracy-centered summaries, which makes practical model selection difficult to interpret. We present a unified evaluation of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Md Motaleb Hossen Manik , Ge Wang

OpenAI has released the Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) and revolutionized the approach in artificial intelligence to human-model interaction. Several publications on ChatGPT evaluation test its effectiveness on well-known…

Pretrained general-purpose language models can achieve state-of-the-art accuracies in various natural language processing domains by adapting to downstream tasks via zero-shot, few-shot and fine-tuning techniques. Because of their success,…

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing. Yet, their predominantly English-centric training has led to biases and performance disparities across languages. This imbalance marginalizes minoritized languages,…

Unsupervised neural machine translation (NMT) is a recently proposed approach for machine translation which aims to train the model without using any labeled data. The models proposed for unsupervised NMT often use only one shared encoder…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-25 Zhen Yang , Wei Chen , Feng Wang , Bo Xu

Language model inversion seeks to recover hidden prompts using only language model outputs. This capability has implications for security and accountability in language model deployments, such as leaking private information from an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Murtaza Nazir , Matthew Finlayson , John X. Morris , Xiang Ren , Swabha Swayamdipta

The emergence of large language models such as ChatGPT, Gemini, and others highlights the importance of evaluating their diverse capabilities, ranging from natural language understanding to code generation. However, their performance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Liuchang Xu , Shuo Zhao , Qingming Lin , Luyao Chen , Qianqian Luo , Sensen Wu , Xinyue Ye , Hailin Feng , Zhenhong Du

Previous neural machine translation models used some heuristic search algorithms (e.g., beam search) in order to avoid solving the maximum a posteriori problem over translation sentences at test time. In this paper, we propose the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-06-26 Jiatao Gu , Daniel Jiwoong Im , Victor O. K. Li

Mathematical reasoning poses a significant challenge for language models due to its complex and structured nature. In this paper, we introduce DeepSeekMath 7B, which continues pre-training DeepSeek-Coder-Base-v1.5 7B with 120B math-related…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Zhihong Shao , Peiyi Wang , Qihao Zhu , Runxin Xu , Junxiao Song , Xiao Bi , Haowei Zhang , Mingchuan Zhang , Y. K. Li , Y. Wu , Daya Guo

In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in non-autoregressive text generation in the context of general language modeling. Unlike the well-established autoregressive language modeling paradigm, which has a plethora of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Dhruvesh Patel , Durga Prasad Maram , Sai Sreenivas Chintha , Benjamin Rozonoyer , Andrew McCallum

Efficient and stable training of large language models (LLMs) remains a core challenge in modern machine learning systems. To address this challenge, Reparameterized Orthogonal Equivalence Training (POET), a spectrum-preserving framework…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Zeju Qiu , Lixin Liu , Adrian Weller , Han Shi , Weiyang Liu

We explore using a moderately sized large language model (GPT-J 6B parameters) to create a plan for a simulated robot to achieve 30 classes of goals in ScienceWorld, a text game simulator for elementary science experiments. Previously…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Manuel R. Ciosici , Alex Hedges , Yash Kankanampati , Justin Martin , Marjorie Freedman , Ralph Weischedel

We present the first domain-adapted and fully-trained large language model, RecGPT-7B, and its instruction-following variant, RecGPT-7B-Instruct, for text-based recommendation. Experimental results on rating prediction and sequential…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Hoang Ngo , Dat Quoc Nguyen

Large language models are powerful but often limited by high computational cost, privacy concerns, and English-centric training. Recent progress demonstrates that small, efficient models with around one billion parameters can deliver strong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Anna Aksenova , Boris Zverkov , Nicola Dainese , Alexander Nikitin , Pekka Marttinen

Instruction tuning is widely recognized as a key technique for building generalist language models, which has attracted the attention of researchers and the public with the release of InstructGPT~\citep{ouyang2022training} and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Ge Zhang , Yemin Shi , Ruibo Liu , Ruibin Yuan , Yizhi Li , Siwei Dong , Yu Shu , Zhaoqun Li , Zekun Wang , Chenghua Lin , Wenhao Huang , Jie Fu

The crystallization of modeling methods around the Transformer architecture has been a boon for practitioners. Simple, well-motivated architectural variations can transfer across tasks and scale, increasing the impact of modeling research.…

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