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An edge-coloring of a connected graph $G$ is called a {\em monochromatic connection coloring} (MC-coloring for short) if any two vertices of $G$ are connected by a monochromatic path in $G$. For a connected graph $G$, the {\em monochromatic…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-10-15 Yanhong Gao , Ping Li , Xueliang Li

A colored graph is a directed graph in which nodes or edges have been assigned colors that are not necessarily unique. Observability problems in such graphs consider whether an agent observing the colors of edges or nodes traversed on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-18 Mark Chilenski , George Cybenko , Isaac Dekine , Piyush Kumar , Gil Raz

List colouring is an NP-complete decision problem even if the total number of colours is three. It is hard even on planar bipartite graphs. We give a polynomial-time algorithm for solving list colouring of permutation graphs with a bounded…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2012-06-25 Jessica Enright , Lorna Stewart , Gabor Tardos

A conjecture of Gy\'{a}rf\'{a}s and S\'{a}rk\"{o}zy says that in every $2$-coloring of the edges of the complete $k$-uniform hypergraph $K_n^k$, there are two disjoint monochromatic loose paths of distinct colors such that they cover all…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-11-11 Changhong Lu , Bing Wang , Ping Zhang

A (finite, undirected) graph is $(n,k)$-colourable if we can assign each vertex a $k$-subset of $\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$ so that adjacent vertices receive disjoint subsets. We consider the following problem: if a graph is $(n,k)$-colourable, then…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-01-10 Jan van den Heuvel , Xinyi Xu

A subcoloring of a graph is a partition of its vertex set into subsets (called colors), each inducing a disjoint union of cliques. It is a natural generalization of the classical proper coloring, in which each color must instead induce an…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Malory Marin , Rémi Watrigant

The "clustered chromatic number" of a class of graphs is the minimum integer $k$ such that for some integer $c$ every graph in the class is $k$-colourable with monochromatic components of size at most $c$. We prove that for every graph $H$,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-02-17 Sergey Norin , Alex Scott , Paul Seymour , David R. Wood

For a positive integer $k$, a $k$-colouring of a graph $G=(V,E)$ is a mapping $c: V\rightarrow\{1,2,...,k\}$ such that $c(u)\neq c(v)$ whenever $uv\in E$. The Colouring problem is to decide, for a given $G$ and $k$, whether a $k$-colouring…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-02-16 Petr A. Golovach , Matthew Johnson , Daniël Paulusma , Jian Song

A proper vertex coloring of a graph is equitable if the sizes of all color classes differ by at most $1$. For a list assignment $L$ of $k$ colors to each vertex of an $n$-vertex graph $G$, an equitable $L$-coloring of $G$ is a proper…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-30 H. A. Kierstead , Alexandr Kostochka , Zimu Xiang

We investigate the extent to which the $k$-coloring graph $\mathcal{C}_{k}(G)$ uniquely determines the base graph $G$ and the number of colors $k$. The vertices of $\mathcal{C}_{k}(G)$ are the proper $k$-colorings of $G$, and edges connect…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-13 Shamil Asgarli , Sara Krehbiel , Howard W. Levinson

DP-coloring was introduced by Dvo\v{r}\'{a}k and Postle as a generalization of list coloring. It was originally used to solve a longstanding conjecture by Borodin, stating that every planar graph without cycles of lengths 4 to 8 is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-06-13 Rui Li , Tao Wang

We show that for any fixed integer $m \geq 1$, a graph of maximum degree $\Delta$ has a coloring with $O(\Delta^{(m+1)/m})$ colors in which every connected bicolored subgraph contains at most $m$ edges. This result unifies previously known…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-09-28 Peter Bradshaw

We consider colored variants of a class of geometric-combinatorial questions on $k$-gons and empty $k$-gons that have been started around 1935 by Erd\H{o}s and Szekeres. In our setting we have $n$ points in general position in the plane,…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Oswin Aichholzer , Helena Bergold , Simon D. Fink , Maarten Löffler , Patrick Schnider , Josef Tkadlec

The reconfiguration graph $R_k(G)$ of the $k$-colourings of a graph~$G$ has as vertex set the set of all possible $k$-colourings of $G$ and two colourings are adjacent if they differ on exactly one vertex. We give a short proof of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-12-15 Carl Feghali

A path in an edge-colored graph is called a proper path if no two adjacent edges of the path receive the same color. For a connected graph $G$, the proper connection number $pc(G)$ of $G$ is defined as the minimum number of colors needed to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-02-25 Fei Huang , Xueliang Li , Zhongmei Qin , Colton Magnant

An $r$-uniform hypergraph is uniquely $k$-colorable if there exists exactly one partition of its vertex set into $k$ parts such that every edge contains at most one vertex from each part. For integers $k \ge r \ge 2$, let $\Phi_{k,r}$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-09-04 Xizhi Liu , Jie Ma , Tianhen Wang , Tianming Zhu

An edge-colouring of a graph is distinguishing, if the only automorphism which preserves the colouring is the identity. It has been conjectured that all but finitely many connected, finite, regular graphs admit a distinguishing…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-05-11 Florian Lehner , Monika Pilśniak , Marcin Stawiski

We conjecture that every graph of minimum degree five with no separating triangles and drawn in the plane with one crossing is 4-colorable. In this paper, we use computer enumeration to show that this conjecture holds for all graphs with at…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-04-15 Zdeněk Dvořák , Bernard Lidický , Bojan Mohar

A graph $G$ is \emph{uniquely k-colorable} if the chromatic number of $G$ is $k$ and $G$ has only one $k$-coloring up to permutation of the colors. A uniquely $k$-colorable graph $G$ is edge-critical if $G-e$ is not a uniquely $k$-colorable…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-12-31 Zepeng Li , Enqiang Zhu , Zehui Shao , Jin Xu

If the vertices of a graph $G$ are colored with $k$ colors such that no adjacent vertices receive the same color and the sizes of any two color classes differ by at most one, then $G$ is said to be equitably $k$-colorable. Let $|G|$ denote…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-08-27 Bor-Liang Chen , Kuo-Ching Huang , Ko-Wei Lih