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Supervised detection of network attacks has always been a critical part of network intrusion detection systems (NIDS). Nowadays, in a pivotal time for artificial intelligence (AI), with even more sophisticated attacks that utilize advanced…

Graph Neural Network (GNN)-based network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) are often evaluated on single datasets, limiting their ability to generalize under distribution drift. Furthermore, their adversarial robustness is typically…

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are found to be vulnerable against adversarial examples, which are carefully crafted inputs with a small magnitude of perturbation aiming to induce arbitrarily incorrect predictions. Recent studies show that…

Machine learning has brought significant advances in cybersecurity, particularly in the development of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). These improvements are mainly attributed to the ability of machine learning algorithms to identify…

Adversarial examples can represent a serious threat to machine learning (ML) algorithms. If used to manipulate the behaviour of ML-based Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS), they can jeopardize network security. In this work, we aim…

Nowadays, numerous applications incorporate machine learning (ML) algorithms due to their prominent achievements. However, many studies in the field of computer vision have shown that ML can be fooled by intentionally crafted instances,…

Machine Learning (ML) algorithms have become increasingly popular for supporting Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS). Nevertheless, extensive research has shown their vulnerability to adversarial attacks, which involve subtle…

As network security threats evolve, safeguarding flow-based Machine Learning (ML)-based Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) from evasion adversarial attacks is crucial. This paper introduces the notion of feature perturb-ability and…

The performance of machine learning based network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs) severely degrades when deployed on a network with significantly different feature distributions from the ones of the training dataset. In various…

Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) models have achieved state-of-the-art performance on multiple learning tasks, from vision to natural language modelling. With the growing adoption of ML and DL to many areas of computer science,…

Adversarial examples are inputs to a machine learning system intentionally crafted by an attacker to fool the model into producing an incorrect output. These examples have achieved a great deal of success in several domains such as image…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionised natural language processing tasks, particularly as chat agents. However, their applicability to threat detection problems remains unclear. This paper examines the feasibility of employing…

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) built on artificial intelligence (AI) are presented as latent mechanisms for actively detecting fresh attacks over a complex network. Although review papers are used the systematic review or simple methods…

Deep learning (DL), despite its enormous success in many computer vision and language processing applications, is exceedingly vulnerable to adversarial attacks. We consider the use of DL for radio signal (modulation) classification tasks,…

Recent advances in artificial intelligence and the increasing need for powerful defensive measures in the domain of network security, have led to the adoption of deep learning approaches for use in network intrusion detection systems. These…

Famous for its superior performance, deep learning (DL) has been popularly used within many applications, which also at the same time attracts various threats to the models. One primary threat is from adversarial attacks. Researchers have…

State-of-the-art deep learning (DL)-based network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs) offer limited "explainability". For example, how do they make their decisions? Do they suffer from hidden correlations? Prior works have applied…

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to backdoor attack, which does not affect the network's performance on clean data but would manipulate the network behavior once a trigger pattern is added. Existing defense methods have greatly…

Deep learning (DL) methods have been widely applied to anomaly-based network intrusion detection system (NIDS) to detect malicious traffic. To expand the usage scenarios of DL-based methods, federated learning (FL) allows multiple users to…

Machine learning based intrusion detection systems are increasingly targeted by black box adversarial attacks, where attackers craft evasive inputs using indirect feedback such as binary outputs or behavioral signals like response time and…