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Foundational models based on the transformer architecture are currently the state-of-the-art in general language modeling, as well as in scientific areas such as material science and climate. However, training and deploying these models is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Adarsha Balaji , Sandeep Madireddy , Prasanna Balaprakash

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have garnered interest due to their energy efficiency and superior effectiveness on neuromorphic chips compared with traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs). One of the mainstream approaches to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Zhipeng Huang , Jianhao Ding , Zhiyu Pan , Haoran Li , Ying Fang , Zhaofei Yu , Jian K. Liu

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are widely employed to solve various problems, e.g., image classification. Due to their compute- and data-intensive nature, CNN accelerators have been developed as ASICs or on FPGAs. Increasing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Patrick Plagwitz , Frank Hannig , Jürgen Teich , Oliver Keszocze

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are expected to be a promising alternative to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) due to their strong biological interpretability and high energy efficiency. Specialized SNN hardware offers clear advantages over…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Jindong Li , Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Qian Zhang , Yi Zeng

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a biologically inspired alternative to conventional artificial neural networks, with potential advantages in power efficiency due to their event-driven computation. Despite their promise, SNNs have yet…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Wangdan Liao , Weidong Wang

Spiking Neural Network (SNN) is the third generation of Neural Network (NN) mimicking the natural behavior of the brain. By processing based on binary input/output, SNNs offer lower complexity, higher density and lower power consumption.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-24 Khanh N. Dang , Abderazek Ben Abdallah

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) exploit event-driven and addition-only computation to substantially improve efficiency for intelligent computation. A key temporal property of SNNs, elastic inference, allows outputs to emerge progressively,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Kang You , Chen Nie , Lee Jun Yan , Ziling Wei , Cheng Zou , Zekai Xu , Yu Feng , Honglan Jiang , Zhezhi He

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) employing unsupervised learning methods inspired by neural plasticity are expected to be a new framework for artificial intelligence. In this study, we investigated the effect of multiple types of neural…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Shinnosuke Touda , Hirotsugu Okuno

The integration of self-attention mechanisms into Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) has garnered considerable interest in the realm of advanced deep learning, primarily due to their biological properties. Recent advancements in SNN…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Kaiwei Che , Zhaokun Zhou , Zhengyu Ma , Wei Fang , Yanqi Chen , Shuaijie Shen , Li Yuan , Yonghong Tian

The highly sparse activations in Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) can provide tremendous energy efficiency benefits when carefully exploited in hardware. The behavior of sparsity in SNNs is uniquely shaped by the dataset and training…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Ilkin Aliyev , Tosiron Adegbija

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are brain-inspired mathematical models with the ability to process information in the form of spikes. SNNs are expected to provide not only new machine-learning algorithms, but also energy-efficient…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-01-16 Yusuke Sakemi , Kai Morino , Takashi Morie , Kazuyuki Aihara

Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) represent a biologically inspired computation model capable of emulating neural computation in human brain and brain-like structures. The main promise is very low energy consumption. Unfortunately, classic Von…

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), inspired by biological intelligence, have long been considered inherently energy-efficient, making them attractive for resource-constrained domains such as space applications. However, recent comparative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Matthias Höfflin , Jürgen Wassner

Spiking neural networks (SNN) are artificial computational models that have been inspired by the brain's ability to naturally encode and process information in the time domain. The added temporal dimension is believed to render them more…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-05-29 S. R. Nandakumar , Irem Boybat , Manuel Le Gallo , Evangelos Eleftheriou , Abu Sebastian , Bipin Rajendran

Directly training spiking neural networks (SNNs) has remained challenging due to complex neural dynamics and intrinsic non-differentiability in firing functions. The well-known backpropagation through time (BPTT) algorithm proposed to train…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Wenzhe Guo , Mohammed E. Fouda , Ahmed M. Eltawil , Khaled Nabil Salama

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have been attached great importance due to the distinctive properties of low power consumption, biological plausibility, and adversarial robustness. The most effective way to train deep SNNs is through…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Tong Bu , Jianhao Ding , Zhaofei Yu , Tiejun Huang

Integrating Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) with Transformer architectures offers a promising pathway to balance energy efficiency and performance, particularly for edge vision applications. However, existing Spiking Transformers face two…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Dehao Zhang , Fukai Guo , Shuai Wang , Jingya Wang , Jieyuan Zhang , Yimeng Shan , Malu Zhang , Yang Yang , Haizhou Li

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have garnered attention over recent years due to their increased energy efficiency and advantages in terms of operational complexity compared to traditional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Two important…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Daniel Windhager , Lothar Ratschbacher , Bernhard A. Moser , Michael Lunglmayr

We introduce a method to convert Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs), commonly used in scientific machine learning, to Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), which are expected to have higher energy efficiency compared to traditional…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Qian Zhang , Chenxi Wu , Adar Kahana , Youngeun Kim , Yuhang Li , George Em Karniadakis , Priyadarshini Panda

Drawing on the intricate structures of the brain, Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) emerge as a transformative development in artificial intelligence, closely emulating the complex dynamics of biological neural networks. While SNNs show…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Yanchen Li , Jiachun Li , Kebin Sun , Luziwei Leng , Ran Cheng