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Pre-trained language models (PLM) have marked a huge leap in neural dialogue modeling. While PLMs are pre-trained on large-scale text corpora, they are usually fine-tuned on scarce dialogue data with specific domain knowledge and dialogue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Xiaodong Gu , Kang Min Yoo , Sang-Woo Lee

Prompt tuning, in which a base pretrained model is adapted to each task via conditioning on learned prompt vectors, has emerged as a promising approach for efficiently adapting large language models to multiple downstream tasks. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Zhen Wang , Rameswar Panda , Leonid Karlinsky , Rogerio Feris , Huan Sun , Yoon Kim

Multimodal contrastive learning has emerged as a powerful paradigm for building high-quality features using the complementary strengths of various data modalities. However, the open nature of such systems inadvertently increases the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Siyuan Liang , Kuanrong Liu , Jiajun Gong , Jiawei Liang , Yuan Xun , Ee-Chien Chang , Xiaochun Cao

Prompt-based learning is susceptible to intrinsic bias present in pre-trained language models (LMs), leading to sub-optimal performance in prompt-based zero/few-shot settings. In this work, we propose a null-input prompting method to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Kang He , Yinghan Long , Kaushik Roy

Recent prompt-based approaches allow pretrained language models to achieve strong performances on few-shot finetuning by reformulating downstream tasks as a language modeling problem. In this work, we demonstrate that, despite its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Prasetya Ajie Utama , Nafise Sadat Moosavi , Victor Sanh , Iryna Gurevych

Adversarial training is one of the most effective defenses against adversarial attacks, but it incurs a high computational cost. In this study, we present the first theoretical analysis suggesting that adversarially pretrained transformers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Soichiro Kumano , Hiroshi Kera , Toshihiko Yamasaki

Backdoor attacks are a kind of insidious security threat against machine learning models. After being injected with a backdoor in training, the victim model will produce adversary-specified outputs on the inputs embedded with predesigned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-04 Fanchao Qi , Mukai Li , Yangyi Chen , Zhengyan Zhang , Zhiyuan Liu , Yasheng Wang , Maosong Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as code assistants, yet their behavior when explicitly asked to generate insecure code remains poorly understood. While prior research has focused on unintended vulnerabilities, this study…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Emir Bosnak , Sahand Moslemi , Mayasah Lami , Anil Koyuncu

The pre-trained foundation models (PFMs) have become essential for facilitating large-scale multimodal learning. Researchers have effectively employed the ``pre-train, prompt, and predict'' paradigm through prompt learning to induce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Xiang Chen , Yixin Ou , Quan Feng , Lei Li , Piji Li , Haibo Ye , Sheng-Jun Huang , Shuofei Qiao , Shumin Deng , Huajun Chen , Ningyu Zhang

Prompt tuning for vision-language models such as CLIP involves optimizing the text prompts used to generate image-text pairs for specific downstream tasks. While hand-crafted or template-based prompts are generally applicable to a wider…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Qian Zhang

Large-scale language models have achieved tremendous success across various natural language processing (NLP) applications. Nevertheless, language models are vulnerable to backdoor attacks, which inject stealthy triggers into models for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Yujin Huang , Terry Yue Zhuo , Qiongkai Xu , Han Hu , Xingliang Yuan , Chunyang Chen

Prompt tuning, a parameter- and data-efficient transfer learning paradigm that tunes only a small number of parameters in a model's input space, has become a trend in the vision community since the emergence of large vision-language models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Yuhang Zang , Wei Li , Kaiyang Zhou , Chen Huang , Chen Change Loy

The combination of pre-trained speech encoders with large language models has enabled the development of speech LLMs that can handle a wide range of spoken language processing tasks. While these models are powerful and flexible, this very…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Rao Ma , Mengjie Qian , Vyas Raina , Mark Gales , Kate Knill

As large language models (LLMs) gain popularity, their vulnerability to adversarial attacks emerges as a primary concern. While fine-tuning models on domain-specific datasets is often employed to improve model performance, it can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Punya Syon Pandey , Samuel Simko , Kellin Pelrine , Zhijing Jin

This paper documents early research conducted in 2022 on defending against prompt injection attacks in large language models, providing historical context for the evolution of this critical security domain. This research focuses on two…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Gustavo Sandoval , Denys Fenchenko , Junyao Chen

Supervised fine-tuning has become the predominant method for adapting large pretrained models to downstream tasks. However, recent studies have revealed that these models are vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where even a small number of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Peihai Jiang , Xixiang Lyu , Yige Li , Jing Ma

Recently, pretrained language models (PLMs) have had exceptional success in language generation. To leverage the rich knowledge encoded by PLMs, a simple yet powerful paradigm is to use prompts in the form of either discrete tokens or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Tianyi Tang , Junyi Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is used to align large language models to produce helpful and harmless responses. Yet, prior work showed these models can be jailbroken by finding adversarial prompts that revert the model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Javier Rando , Florian Tramèr

In inductive transfer learning, fine-tuning pre-trained convolutional networks substantially outperforms training from scratch. When using fine-tuning, the underlying assumption is that the pre-trained model extracts generic features, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-07 Xuhong Li , Yves Grandvalet , Franck Davoine

Prompt engineering has emerged as an indispensable technique for extending the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs). This approach leverages task-specific instructions, known as prompts, to enhance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Pranab Sahoo , Ayush Kumar Singh , Sriparna Saha , Vinija Jain , Samrat Mondal , Aman Chadha
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