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Mean Field Control Games (MFCGs) provide a powerful theoretical framework for analyzing systems of infinitely many interacting agents, blending elements from Mean Field Games (MFGs) and Mean Field Control (MFC). However, solving the coupled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Nianli Peng , Yilin Wang

Function approximation (FA) has been a critical component in solving large zero-sum games. Yet, little attention has been given towards FA in solving \textit{general-sum} extensive-form games, despite them being widely regarded as being…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Chun Kai Ling , J. Zico Kolter , Fei Fang

In competitive two-agent environments, deep reinforcement learning (RL) methods based on the \emph{Double Oracle (DO)} algorithm, such as \emph{Policy Space Response Oracles (PSRO)} and \emph{Anytime PSRO (APSRO)}, iteratively add RL best…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Stephen McAleer , JB Lanier , Kevin Wang , Pierre Baldi , Roy Fox , Tuomas Sandholm

The double oracle algorithm is a popular method of solving games, because it is able to reduce computing equilibria to computing a series of best responses. However, its theoretical properties are not well understood. In this paper, we…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Brian Hu Zhang , Tuomas Sandholm

This paper introduces a unified framework called cooperative extensive form games, which (i) generalizes standard non-cooperative games, and (ii) allows for more complex coalition formation dynamics than previous concepts like…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2023-09-27 Mehmet S. Ismail

Regret minimization is a powerful tool for solving large-scale extensive-form games. State-of-the-art methods rely on minimizing regret locally at each decision point. In this work we derive a new framework for regret minimization on…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Gabriele Farina , Christian Kroer , Tuomas Sandholm

We present an agent-based simulator for economic systems with heterogeneous households, firms, central bank, and government agents. These agents interact to define production, consumption, and monetary flow. Each agent type has distinct…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Kshama Dwarakanath , Svitlana Vyetrenko , Tucker Balch

This paper proposes a new mathematical paradigm to analyze discrete-time mean-field games. It is shown that finding Nash equilibrium solutions for a general class of discrete-time mean-field games is equivalent to solving an optimization…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-08-29 Xin Guo , Anran Hu , Junzi Zhang

Normal-form proper equilibrium, introduced by Myerson as a refinement of normal-form perfect equilibrium, occupies a distinctive position in the equilibrium analysis of extensive-form games because its more stringent perturbation structure…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Yuqing Hou , Yiyin Cao , Chuangyin Dang

Training large language model (LLM) agents for adversarial games is often driven by episodic objectives such as win rate. In long-horizon settings, however, payoffs are shaped by latent strategic externalities that evolve over time, so…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Boyang Xia , Weiyou Tian , Qingnan Ren , Jiaqi Huang , Jie Xiao , Shuo Lu , Kai Wang , Lynn Ai , Eric Yang , Bill Shi

Extensive-Form Game (EFG) represents a fundamental model for analyzing sequential interactions among multiple agents and the primary challenge to solve it lies in mitigating sample complexity. Existing research indicated that Double Oracle…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Xiaohang Tang , Chiyuan Wang , Chengdong Ma , Ilija Bogunovic , Stephen McAleer , Yaodong Yang

While multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has produced numerous algorithms that converge to Nash or related equilibria, such equilibria are often non-unique and can exhibit widely varying efficiency. This raises a fundamental…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Runyu Zhang , Gioele Zardini , Asuman Ozdaglar , Jeff Shamma , Na Li

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been able to solve hard problems such as playing Atari games or solving the game of Go, with a unified approach. Yet modern deep RL approaches are still not widely used in real-world applications. One reason…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Achraf Azize , Othman Gaizi

We study equilibrium computation with extensive-form correlation in two-player turn-taking stochastic games. Our main results are two-fold: (1) We give an algorithm for computing a Stackelberg extensive-form correlated equilibrium (SEFCE),…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Hanrui Zhang , Yu Cheng , Vincent Conitzer

Sequential equilibrium is the conventional approach for analyzing multi-stage games of incomplete information. It relies on mutual consistency of beliefs. To relax mutual consistency, I theoretically and experimentally explore the dynamic…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2023-11-06 Po-Hsuan Lin

A central task of artificial intelligence is the design of artificial agents that act towards specified goals in partially observed environments. Since such environments frequently include interaction over time with other agents with their…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2012-05-14 Miroslav Dudik , Geoffrey Gordon

Making decisions in the presence of a strategic opponent requires one to take into account the opponent's ability to actively mask its intended objective. To describe such strategic situations, we introduce the non-cooperative inverse…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Xiangyuan Zhang , Kaiqing Zhang , Erik Miehling , Tamer Başar

In general, two-agent decision-making problems can be modeled as a two-player game, and a typical solution is to find a Nash equilibrium in such game. Counterfactual regret minimization (CFR) is a well-known method to find a Nash…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Huale Li , Xuan Wang , Shuhan Qi , Jiajia Zhang , Yang Liu , Yulin Wu , Fengwei Jia

Current approximate Coarse Correlated Equilibria (CCE) algorithms struggle with equilibrium approximation for games in large stochastic environments but are theoretically guaranteed to converge to a strong solution concept. In contrast,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Ryan Yu , Mateusz Nowak , Qintong Xie , Michelle Yilin Feng , Peter Chin

Recent breakthroughs in AI for multi-agent games like Go, Poker, and Dota, have seen great strides in recent years. Yet none of these games address the real-life challenge of cooperation in the presence of unknown and uncertain teammates.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-07 Jack Serrino , Max Kleiman-Weiner , David C. Parkes , Joshua B. Tenenbaum