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Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable results across diverse downstream tasks, but their monolithic nature restricts scalability and efficiency in complex problem-solving. While recent research explores multi-agent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Yufan Dang , Chen Qian , Xueheng Luo , Jingru Fan , Zihao Xie , Ruijie Shi , Weize Chen , Cheng Yang , Xiaoyin Che , Ye Tian , Xuantang Xiong , Lei Han , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Whether in groups of humans or groups of computer agents, collaboration is most effective between individuals who have the ability to coordinate on a joint strategy for collective action. However, in general a rational actor will only…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-02-15 Peter M. Krafft , Chris L. Baker , Alex Pentland , Joshua B. Tenenbaum

The majority of Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) literature equates the cooperation of self-interested agents in mixed environments to the problem of social welfare maximization, allowing agents to arbitrarily share rewards and…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Dmitry Ivanov , Ilya Zisman , Kirill Chernyshev

Multi-agent reinforcement learning has shown promise on a variety of cooperative tasks as a consequence of recent developments in differentiable inter-agent communication. However, most architectures are limited to pools of homogeneous…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-09-13 Bowen Jing , William Yin

Learned world models summarize an agent's experience to facilitate learning complex behaviors. While learning world models from high-dimensional sensory inputs is becoming feasible through deep learning, there are many potential ways for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-18 Danijar Hafner , Timothy Lillicrap , Jimmy Ba , Mohammad Norouzi

Large Language Model (LLM) agents have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in learned tasks, yet they often struggle to adapt to non-stationary environments with feedback. While In-Context Learning and external memory offer some…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Lu Yang , Zelai Xu , Minyang Xie , Jiaxuan Gao , Zhao Shok , Yu Wang , Yi Wu

Collaborative multi-agent exploration of unknown environments is crucial for search and rescue operations. Effective real-world deployment must address challenges such as limited inter-agent communication and static and dynamic obstacles.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Gabriele Calzolari , Vidya Sumathy , Christoforos Kanellakis , George Nikolakopoulos

We address the challenge of coordinating multiple robots in narrow and confined environments, where congestion and interference often hinder collective task performance. Drawing inspiration from insect colonies, which achieve robust…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Kehinde O. Aina , Sehoon Ha

Robust coordination is critical for effective decision-making in multi-agent systems, especially under partial observability. A central question in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is whether to engineer communication protocols or…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Brennen A. Hill , Mant Koh En Wei , Thangavel Jishnuanandh

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have been around for decades and employed to solve various sequential decision-making problems. These algorithms however have faced great challenges when dealing with high-dimensional environments. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-01 Thanh Thi Nguyen , Ngoc Duy Nguyen , Saeid Nahavandi

With the rapid evolution of wireless mobile devices, there emerges an increased need to design effective collaboration mechanisms between intelligent agents, so as to gradually approach the final collective objective through continuously…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Xing Xu , Rongpeng Li , Zhifeng Zhao , Honggang Zhang

Developmental machine learning studies how artificial agents can model the way children learn open-ended repertoires of skills. Such agents need to create and represent goals, select which ones to pursue and learn to achieve them. Recent…

The remarkable growth in large language model (LLM) capabilities has spurred exploration into multi-agent systems, with debate frameworks emerging as a promising avenue for enhanced problem-solving. These multi-agent debate (MAD)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Yongjin Yang , Euiin Yi , Jongwoo Ko , Kimin Lee , Zhijing Jin , Se-Young Yun

To achieve general intelligence, agents must learn how to interact with others in a shared environment: this is the challenge of multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL). The simplest form is independent reinforcement learning (InRL), where…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-08 Marc Lanctot , Vinicius Zambaldi , Audrunas Gruslys , Angeliki Lazaridou , Karl Tuyls , Julien Perolat , David Silver , Thore Graepel

The rapid advances of multimodal agents built on large foundation models have largely overlooked their potential for language-based communication between agents in collaborative tasks. This oversight presents a critical gap in understanding…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Timothy Ossowski , Danyal Maqbool , Jixuan Chen , Zefan Cai , Tyler Bradshaw , Junjie Hu

Traditional methods plan feasible paths for multiple agents in the stochastic environment. However, the methods' iterations with the changes in the environment result in computation complexities, especially for the decentralized agents…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Qizhen Wu , Kexin Liu , Lei Chen , Jinhu Lü

In Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), specialized channels are often introduced that allow agents to communicate directly with one another. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach whereby agents communicate through an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Dianbo Liu , Vedant Shah , Oussama Boussif , Cristian Meo , Anirudh Goyal , Tianmin Shu , Michael Mozer , Nicolas Heess , Yoshua Bengio

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) extends (single-agent) reinforcement learning (RL) by introducing additional agents and (potentially) partial observability of the environment. Consequently, algorithms for solving MARL problems…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-09-12 Yilun Zhou , Derrik E. Asher , Nicholas R. Waytowich , Julie A. Shah

Modelling and exploiting teammates' policies in cooperative multi-agent systems have long been an interest and also a big challenge for the reinforcement learning (RL) community. The interest lies in the fact that if the agent knows the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-20 Hangyu Mao , Zhengchao Zhang , Zhen Xiao , Zhibo Gong

Communication is crucial in multi-agent reinforcement learning when agents are not able to observe the full state of the environment. The most common approach to allow learned communication between agents is the use of a differentiable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Astrid Vanneste , Simon Vanneste , Kevin Mets , Tom De Schepper , Siegfried Mercelis , Peter Hellinckx