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High latency is a critical limitation within the Tor network that has a negative impact on web application responsiveness. A key factor exacerbating Tor latency is the creation of lengthy circuits that span across geographically distant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Haozhi Li , Tariq Elahi

The Tor anonymous network has become quite popular with regular users on the Internet. In the Tor network, an anonymous path is created by selecting three relays through which the connection is redirected. Nevertheless, as the number of Tor…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-07-11 Sadegh Momeni Milajerdi , Mehdi Kharrazi

The Onion Router (Tor) relies on path selection algorithms to balance performance and anonymity by determining how traffic flows through its relay network. As Tor scales and usage patterns evolve, default strategies such as…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Siddique Abubakr Muntaka , Jacques Bou Abdo

Based on the principle of onion routing, the Tor network achieves anonymity for its users by relaying user data over a series of intermediate relays. This approach makes congestion control in the network a challenging task. As of today,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Christoph Döpmann , Felix Fiedler , Sergio Lucia , Florian Tschorsch

Anonymity systems such as Tor aim to enable users to communicate in a manner that is untraceable by adversaries that control a small number of machines. To provide efficient service to users, these anonymity systems make full use of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Prateek Mittal , Ahmed Khurshid , Joshua Juen , Matthew Caesar , Nikita Borisov

Tor is the most popular anonymous communication overlay network which hides clients' identities from servers by passing packets through multiple relays. To provide anonymity to both clients and servers, Tor onion services were introduced by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Md Washik Al Azad , Hasniuj Zahan , Sifat Ut Taki , Spyridon Mastorakis

Tor provides anonymity online by routing traffic through encrypted tunnels, called circuits, over paths of anonymizing relays. To enable users to connect to their selected destination servers without waiting for the circuit to be build, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-06-21 Mohsen Imani , Mehrdad Amirabadi , Matthew Wright

Tor is a widely used anonymity network that conceals user identities by routing traffic through encrypted relays, yet it remains vulnerable to traffic correlation attacks that deanonymize users by matching patterns in ingress and egress…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Binghui Wu , Dinil Mon Divakaran , Levente Csikor , Mohan Gurusamy

The use of anonymity-based infrastructures and anonymisers is a plausible solution to mitigate privacy problems on the Internet. Tor (short for The onion router) is a popular low-latency anonymity system that can be installed as an end-user…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2012-08-21 Sergio Castillo-Perez , Joaquin Garcia-Alfaro

In the last decade, Tor proved to be a very successful and widely popular system to protect users' anonymity. However, Tor remains a practical system with a variety of limitations, some of which were indeed exploited in the recent past. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-10-20 Amirali Sanatinia , Guevara Noubir

Users of the Tor anonymity system suffer from lessthan- ideal performance, in part because circuit building and selection processes are not tuned for speed. In this paper, we examine both the process of selecting among pre-built circuits…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-09-03 Mohsen Imani , Mehrdad Amirabadi , Matthew Wright

Tor onion services rely on long-lived introduction circuits to support anonymous rendezvous between clients and services. Although Tor incorporates defenses against traffic analysis, the introduction protocol retains deterministic routing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Nicolas Constantinides

The number of users adopting Tor to protect their online privacy is increasing rapidly. With a limited number of volunteered relays in the network, the number of clients' connections sharing the same relays is increasing to the extent that…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Lamiaa Basyoni , Aiman Erbad , Amr Mohamed , Ahmed Refaey , Mohsen Guizani

Tor is vulnerable to network-level adversaries who can observe both ends of the communication to deanonymize users. Recent work has shown that Tor is susceptible to the previously unknown active BGP routing attacks, called RAPTOR attacks,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-04-07 Yixin Sun , Anne Edmundson , Nick Feamster , Mung Chiang , Prateek Mittal

The Tor network uses a measurement system to estimate its relays' forwarding capacity and to balance traffic among them. This system has been shown to be vulnerable to adversarial manipulation. Moreover, its accuracy and effectiveness in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-22 Matthew Traudt , Rob Jansen , Aaron Johnson

Tor is a popular low-latency anonymous communication system that focuses on usability and performance: a faster network will attract more users, which in turn will improve the anonymity of everyone using the system. The standard practice…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Rob Jansen , Justin Tracey , Ian Goldberg

Several hundred Tor exit relays together push more than 1 GiB/s of network traffic. However, it is easy for exit relays to snoop and tamper with anonymised network traffic and as all relays are run by independent volunteers, not all of them…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-01-21 Philipp Winter , Stefan Lindskog

Anonymity networks are providing practical mechanisms to protect its users against censorship by hiding their identity and information content. The best-known anonymity network, The Onion Routing (Tor) network, is however subject to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-09 Anna Engelmann , Admela Jukan

Tor is the most popular anonymous communication network. It has millions of daily users seeking privacy while browsing the internet. It has thousands of relays to route and anonymize the source and destinations of the users packets. To…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Hussein Darir , Nikita Borisov , Geir Dullerud

The Tor anonymity network has been shown vulnerable to traffic analysis attacks by autonomous systems and Internet exchanges, which can observe different overlay hops belonging to the same circuit. We aim to determine whether network path…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-03-05 Joshua Juen , Aaron Johnson , Anupam Das , Nikita Borisov , Matthew Caesar
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