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In Continual Learning (CL), a neural network is trained on a stream of data whose distribution changes over time. In this context, the main problem is how to learn new information without forgetting old knowledge (i.e., Catastrophic…

Catastrophic forgetting (CF) happens whenever a neural network overwrites past knowledge while being trained on new tasks. Common techniques to handle CF include regularization of the weights (using, e.g., their importance on past tasks),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Jary Pomponi , Simone Scardapane , Aurelio Uncini

Continual Learning (CL) algorithms incrementally learn a predictor or representation across multiple sequentially observed tasks. Designing CL algorithms that perform reliably and avoid so-called catastrophic forgetting has proven a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Jeremias Knoblauch , Hisham Husain , Tom Diethe

Catastrophic forgetting remains a fundamental challenge for neural networks when tasks are trained sequentially. In this work, we reformulate continual learning as a control problem where learning and preservation signals compete within…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Sander de Haan , Yassine Taoudi-Benchekroun , Pau Vilimelis Aceituno , Benjamin F. Grewe

Approaches to continual learning aim to successfully learn a set of related tasks that arrive in an online manner. Recently, several frameworks have been developed which enable deep learning to be deployed in this learning scenario. A key…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-17 Tameem Adel , Han Zhao , Richard E. Turner

Meta-reinforcement learning (meta-RL) algorithms enable agents to adapt quickly to tasks from few samples in dynamic environments. Such a feat is achieved through dynamic representations in an agent's policy network (obtained via reasoning…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Eseoghene Ben-Iwhiwhu , Jeffery Dick , Nicholas A. Ketz , Praveen K. Pilly , Andrea Soltoggio

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP), particularly in Natural Language Understanding (NLU) tasks. As we progress toward an agentic world where LLM-based agents autonomously handle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Naimul Haque

Meta-learning often referred to as learning-to-learn is a promising notion raised to mimic human learning by exploiting the knowledge of prior tasks but being able to adapt quickly to novel tasks. A plethora of models has emerged in this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Jicang Cai , Saeed Vahidian , Weijia Wang , Mohsen Joneidi , Bill Lin

Continual Learning research typically focuses on tackling the phenomenon of catastrophic forgetting in neural networks. Catastrophic forgetting is associated with an abrupt loss of knowledge previously learned by a model when the task, or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-06 MohammadReza Davari , Nader Asadi , Sudhir Mudur , Rahaf Aljundi , Eugene Belilovsky

Humans learn continually throughout their lifespan by accumulating diverse knowledge and fine-tuning it for future tasks. When presented with a similar goal, neural networks suffer from catastrophic forgetting if data distributions across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Dupati Srikar Chandra , Sakshi Varshney , P. K. Srijith , Sunil Gupta

In lifelong learning systems based on artificial neural networks, one of the biggest obstacles is the inability to retain old knowledge as new information is encountered. This phenomenon is known as catastrophic forgetting. In this paper,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Alexander Ororbia , Ankur Mali , Daniel Kifer , C. Lee Giles

Neural networks struggle in continual learning settings from catastrophic forgetting: when trials are blocked, new learning can overwrite the learning from previous blocks. Humans learn effectively in these settings, in some cases even…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-11-07 Jacob Russin , Maryam Zolfaghar , Seongmin A. Park , Erie Boorman , Randall C. O'Reilly

Catastrophic forgetting in neural networks is a significant problem for continual learning. A majority of the current methods replay previous data during training, which violates the constraints of an ideal continual learning system.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Prakhar Kaushik , Alex Gain , Adam Kortylewski , Alan Yuille

Continual learning (CL) aims to incrementally learn different tasks (such as classification) in a non-stationary data stream without forgetting old ones. Most CL works focus on tackling catastrophic forgetting under a learning-from-scratch…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Mark D. McDonnell , Dong Gong , Amin Parveneh , Ehsan Abbasnejad , Anton van den Hengel

In recent years, deep neural networks have found success in replicating human-level cognitive skills, yet they suffer from several major obstacles. One significant limitation is the inability to learn new tasks without forgetting previously…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-20 Gabrielle K. Liu

Foundation Models (FMs) have become the hallmark of modern AI, however, these models are trained on massive data, leading to financially expensive training. Updating FMs as new data becomes available is important, however, can lead to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 James Seale Smith , Lazar Valkov , Shaunak Halbe , Vyshnavi Gutta , Rogerio Feris , Zsolt Kira , Leonid Karlinsky

One frequently wishes to learn a range of similar tasks as efficiently as possible, re-using knowledge across tasks. In artificial neural networks, this is typically accomplished by conditioning a network upon task context by injecting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Ari S. Benjamin , Kyle Daruwalla , Christian Pehle , Abdul-Malik Zekri , Anthony M. Zador

Continual learning (CL) aims to train deep neural networks efficiently on streaming data while limiting the forgetting caused by new tasks. However, learning transferable knowledge with less interference between tasks is difficult, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Saurav Jha , Dong Gong , He Zhao , Lina Yao

Artificial neural networks thrive in solving the classification problem for a particular rigid task, acquiring knowledge through generalized learning behaviour from a distinct training phase. The resulting network resembles a static entity…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Matthias De Lange , Rahaf Aljundi , Marc Masana , Sarah Parisot , Xu Jia , Ales Leonardis , Gregory Slabaugh , Tinne Tuytelaars

Deep neural networks are used in many state-of-the-art systems for machine perception. Once a network is trained to do a specific task, e.g., bird classification, it cannot easily be trained to do new tasks, e.g., incrementally learning to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-10 Ronald Kemker , Marc McClure , Angelina Abitino , Tyler Hayes , Christopher Kanan