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In this paper, we propose a model-driven method that reconstructs LoD-2 building models following a "decomposition-optimization-fitting" paradigm. The proposed method starts building detection results through a deep learning-based detector…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Shengxi Gui , Rongjun Qin

This paper discusses the reconstruction of LoD2 building models from 2D and 3D data for large-scale urban environments. Traditional methods involve the use of LiDAR point clouds, but due to high costs and long intervals associated with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Weixiao Gao , Ravi Peters , Jantien Stoter

Reconstructing semantic 3D building models at the level of detail (LoD) 3 is a long-standing challenge. Unlike mesh-based models, they require watertight geometry and object-wise semantics at the fa\c{c}ade level. The principal challenge of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Olaf Wysocki , Yan Xia , Magdalena Wysocki , Eleonora Grilli , Ludwig Hoegner , Daniel Cremers , Uwe Stilla

Despite recent advancements in surface reconstruction, Level of Detail (LoD) 3 building reconstruction remains an unresolved challenge. The main issue pertains to the object-oriented modelling paradigm, which requires georeferencing,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Wenzhao Tang , Weihang Li , Xiucheng Liang , Olaf Wysocki , Filip Biljecki , Christoph Holst , Boris Jutzi

Detailed 3D building models are crucial for urban planning, digital twins, and disaster management applications. While Level of Detail 1 (LoD)1 and LoD2 building models are widely available, they lack detailed facade elements essential for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Franz Hanke , Antonia Bieringer , Olaf Wysocki , Boris Jutzi

Recent advances in generative modeling have substantially enhanced 3D urban generation, enabling applications in digital twins, virtual cities, and large-scale simulations. However, existing methods face two key challenges: (1) the need for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yijie Kang , Xinliang Wang , Zhenyu Wu , Yifeng Shi , Hailong Zhu

This paper presents a new algorithm for filling holes in Level of Detail 2 (LoD2) building mesh models, addressing the challenges posed by geometric inaccuracies and topological errors. Unlike traditional methods that often alter the…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Weixiao Gao , Ravi Peters , Hugo Ledoux , Jantien Stoter

City-scale 3D reconstruction from satellite imagery presents the challenge of extreme viewpoint extrapolation, where our goal is to synthesize ground-level novel views from sparse orbital images with minimal parallax. This requires…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Fei Yu , Yu Liu , Luyang Tang , Mingchao Sun , Zengye Ge , Rui Bu , Yuchao Jin , Haisen Zhao , He Sun , Yangyan Li , Mu Xu , Wenzheng Chen , Baoquan Chen

For architectural design, representation across multiple Levels of Details (LoD) is essential for achieving a smooth transition from conceptual massing to detailed modeling. However, traditional LoD modeling processes rely on manual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Xusheng Du , Athiwat Kongkaeo , Ye Zhang , Haoran Xie

Highly accurate geometric precision and dense image features characterize True Digital Orthophoto Maps (TDOMs), which are in great demand for applications such as urban planning, infrastructure management, and environmental monitoring.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Qian Wang , Zhihao Zhan , Jialei He , Zhituo Tu , Jie Yuan

This paper aims to develop an accurate 3D geometry representation of satellite images using satellite-ground image pairs. Our focus is on the challenging problem of 3D-aware ground-views synthesis from a satellite image. We draw inspiration…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Ming Qian , Jincheng Xiong , Gui-Song Xia , Nan Xue

In this paper we present our workflow to automatically reconstruct 3D building models based on 2D building polygons and a LiDAR point cloud. The workflow generates models at different levels of detail (LoDs) to support data requirements of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-05 Ravi Peters , Balázs Dukai , Stelios Vitalis , Jordi van Liempt , Jantien Stoter

In recent years, an ever-increasing number of remote satellites are orbiting the Earth which streams vast amount of visual data to support a wide range of civil, public and military applications. One of the key information obtained from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-24 Kang Zhao , Muhammad Kamran , Gunho Sohn

3D urban reconstruction of buildings from remotely sensed imagery has drawn significant attention during the past two decades. While aerial imagery and LiDAR provide higher resolution, satellite imagery is cheaper and more efficient to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Bo Xu , Xu Zhang , Zhixin Li , Matt Leotta , Shih-Fu Chang , Jie Shan

In the era of the Big Data revolution, methods for the automatic discovery of regularities in large datasets are becoming essential tools in applied sciences. This article presents an open software package, named MODULO (MODal mULtiscale…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2020-11-12 Davide Ninni , Miguel A. Mendez

Sparse-view satellite image surface reconstruction remains highly challenging, fundamentally because the reliability of multi-view matching under satellite imaging conditions is strongly spatially heterogeneous. Affected by large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Min Chen , Wei Guo , Bin Wang , Wen Li , Tong Fang , Jinbo Zhang , Junqi Zhao , Hong Kuang , Han Hu , Xuming Ge , Qing Zhu , Bo Xu

We propose a novel method for aerial visual localization over low Level-of-Detail (LoD) city models. Previous wireframe-alignment-based method LoD-Loc has shown promising localization results leveraging LoD models. However, LoD-Loc mainly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Juelin Zhu , Shuaibang Peng , Long Wang , Hanlin Tan , Yu Liu , Maojun Zhang , Shen Yan

Nowadays dense stereo matching has become one of the dominant tools in 3D reconstruction of urban regions for its low cost and high flexibility in generating dense 3D points. However, state-of-the-art stereo matching algorithms usually…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-05-23 Xiaohu Lu , Rongjun Qin , Xu Huang

Three-dimensional (3D) urban models have gained interest because of their applications in many use-cases such as urban planning and virtual reality. However, generating these 3D representations requires LiDAR data, which are not always…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Yoones Rezaei , Stephen Lee

Explicit software architecture models are essential artifacts for communicating, analyzing, and evolving complex software-intensive systems. In ROS~2-based robotic systems, however, structural (de-)composition and integration semantics are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Dominique Briechle , Raj Chanchad , Tobias Geger , Ruidi He , Dhruv Jajadiya , Dhruv Kapadiya , Andreas Rausch , Meng Zhang
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