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As emerging massive constellations are intended to provide seamless connectivity for remote areas using hundreds of small low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites, new methodologies have great importance to study the performance of these networks.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-10-05 Niloofar Okati , Taneli Riihonen

Utilizing Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks equipped with Inter-Satellite Links (ISL) is envisioned to provide lower delay compared to traditional optical networks. However, LEO satellites have constrained energy resources as they…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Kosta Dakic , Chiu Chun Chan , Bassel Al Homssi , Kandeepan Sithamparanathan , Akram Al-Hourani

Providing truly ubiquitous connectivity requires development of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite Internet, whose theoretical study is lagging behind network-specific simulations. In this paper, we derive analytical expressions for the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-26 Niloofar Okati , Taneli Riihonen

End-to-end latency in large low-Earth-orbit (LEO) constellations is dominated by propagation delay, making total delay roughly proportional to the network diameter, the longest shortest path in hops. Current inter-satellite link (ISL)…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Arman Mollakhani , Jerayu Tiamraj , Shu-Jie Cao , Dongning Guo

This paper investigates the maximum achievable downlink spectral efficiency of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations. Spectral efficiency is defined here as the total network sum rate per unit bandwidth per unit area of Earth's…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Cuneyd Ozturk , Dongning Guo , Randall A. Berry , Michael L. Honig

End-to-end routing in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations (LSatCs) is a complex and dynamic problem. The topology, of finite size, is dynamic and predictable, the traffic from/to Earth and transiting the space segment is highly…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Beatriz Soret , Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Federico Lozano-Cuadra , Mathias D. Thorsager

In this paper, we investigate the performance of large-scale heterogeneous low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks in the context of three association schemes. In contrast to existing studies, where single-tier LEO satellite-based network…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Yuan Guo , Christodoulos Skouroumounis , Symeon Chatzinotas , Ioannis Krikidis

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite Internet of Things (IoT) has been identified as one of the important components of the sixth-generation (6G) non-terrestrial networks (NTN) to provide ubiquitous connectivity. Due to the low orbit altitude…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Ming Ying , Xiaoming Chen , Qiao Qi , Zhaoyang Zhang

In a dense Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellation, using a centralized algorithm for minimum-delay routing would incur significant signaling and computational overhead. In this work, we exploit the deterministic topology of the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Pranav S. Page , Kaustubh S. Bhargao , Hrishikesh V. Baviskar , Gaurav S. Kasbekar

Low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite communication systems that use millimeter-wave frequencies rely on large antenna arrays with hybrid analog-digital architectures for rapid beam steering. LEO satellites are only visible from the ground for…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-03 Anders Malthe Westerkam , Amélia Struyf , Dimitri Lederer , Troels Pedersen , François Quitin

With the increase in global positioning service demands and the requirement for more precise positioning, assisting existing medium and high orbit satellite-enabled positioning systems with low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites has garnered…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Ruibo Wang , Mustafa A. Kishk , Howard H. Yang , Mohamed-Slim Alouini

Recently, stochastic geometry has been applied to provide tractable performance analysis for low earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks. However, existing works mainly focus on analyzing the ``coverage probability'', which provides limited…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Yanshi Sun , Zhiguo Ding

Large-scale low-Earth-orbit satellite constellations offer a promising platform for global low-latency networking, aided by faster propagation in free space than in fiber and copper. In such systems, end-to-end latency is largely determined…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Arman Mollakhani , Jerayu Tiamraj , Shu-Jie Cao , Dongning Guo

In this paper, we consider traffic offloading of integrated low earth orbit (LEO) satellite-terrestrial network. We first derive traffic offloading probability from the terrestrial network to the LEO satellite network based on the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Hossein Akhlaghpasand , Vahid Shah-Mansouri

We consider a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite network with each satellite capable of establishing inter-satellite link (ISL) connections for satellite-to-satellite communication. Since ISLs can be reoriented to change the topology, we…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Chirag Rao , Eytan Modiano

Low Earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellation satellite networks have shown great potential to extend the coverage capability of conventional terrestrial networks. How to systematically define, quantify, and assess the technical performance of…

Performance · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Yu Wang , Chuili Kong , Xian Meng , Hejia Luo , Ke-Xin Li , Jun Wang

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations play a pivotal role in sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks by providing global coverage, massive connections, and huge capacity. In this paper, we present a novel LEO satellite…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Wenfei Yao , Xiaoming Chen , Qi Wang , Xingyu Peng

This paper presents a study of an integrated satellite-terrestrial network, where Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) satellites are used to provide the backhaul link between base stations (BSs) and the core network. The mobility of LEO satellites raises…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-21 Hung Nguyen-Kha , Vu Nguyen Ha , Eva Lagunas , Symeon Chatzinotas , Joel Grotz

This paper presents a solution to the problem of optimal ground station selection for low-Earth orbiting (LEO) space missions that enables mission operators to precisely design their ground segment performance and costs. Space mission…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Duncan Eddy , Michelle Ho , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites offer a promising alternative to global navigation satellite systems for precise positioning; however, their relatively low altitudes make them more susceptible to orbital perturbations, which in turn…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Jie Ma , Pinjun Zheng , Xing Liu , Yuchen Zhang , Ali A. Nasir , Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri