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Simulation-based inference enables learning the parameters of a model even when its likelihood cannot be computed in practice. One class of methods uses data simulated with different parameters to infer models of the likelihood-to-evidence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Giulio Isacchini , Natanael Spisak , Armita Nourmohammad , Thierry Mora , Aleksandra M. Walczak

Electromagnetic radiation plays a crucial role in various physical and chemical processes. Hence, almost all astrophysical simulations require some form of radiative transfer model. Despite many innovations in radiative transfer algorithms…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2022-12-07 Frederik De Ceuster , Thomas Ceulemans , Jon Cockayne , Leen Decin , Jeremy Yates

Dealing with land cover classification of the new image sources has also turned to be a complex problem requiring large amount of memory and processing time. In order to cope with these problems, statistical learning has greatly helped in…

An approach to the remote sensing of land surface temperature is developed using the methods of Bayesian inference. The starting point is the maximum entropy estimate for the posterior distribution of radiance in multiple bands. In order to…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2009-11-10 J. A. Morgan

The determination of atmospheric parameters depends on the use of radiative transfer codes (among other elements such as model atmospheres) to compute synthetic spectra and/or derive abundances from equivalent widths. However, it is common…

Extreme environmental events frequently exhibit spatial and temporal dependence. These data are often modeled using max stable processes (MSPs). MSPs are computationally prohibitive to fit for as few as a dozen observations, with supposed…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-02 Emily C. Hector , Brian J. Reich

Since the early 1970s, inversion techniques have become the most useful tool for inferring the magnetic, dynamic, and thermodynamic properties of the solar atmosphere. The intrinsic model dependence makes it necessary to formulate specific…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2016-12-07 Jose Carlos del Toro Iniesta , Basilio Ruiz Cobo

Remote sensing of the atmospheres of distant worlds motivates a firm understanding of radiative transfer. In this review, we provide a pedagogical cookbook that describes the principal ingredients needed to perform a radiative transfer…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-02-06 Kevin Heng , Mark Marley

Radiative transfer is a fundamental process in astrophysics, essential for both interpreting observations and modeling thermal and dynamical feedback in simulations via ionizing radiation and photon pressure. However, numerically solving…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-12 Rune Rost , Lorenzo Branca , Tobias Buck

We compare four different methods to calculate radiative transfer through a magnetized stellar atmosphere, and apply them to the case of magnetic white dwarfs. All methods are numerically stable enough to allow determination of the magnetic…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Stefan Jordan , Holger Schmidt

We present a framework for inferring an atmospheric transmission profile from a spectral scene. This framework leverages a lightweight, physics-based simulator that is automatically tuned - by virtue of autodifferentiation and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-01 James Koch , Brenda Forland , Bruce Bernacki , Timothy Doster , Tegan Emerson

Transmission spectroscopy is a key avenue for the near-term study of small-planet atmospheres and the most promising method when it comes to searching for atmospheres on temperate rocky worlds, which are often too cold for planetary…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-28 Caroline Piaulet-Ghorayeb

Spectral retrieval has long been a powerful tool for interpreting planetary remote sensing observations. Flexible, parameterised, agnostic models are coupled with inversion algorithms in order to infer atmospheric properties directly from…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-07-08 Joanna K. Barstow , Kevin Heng

End-to-end mission performance simulators (E2ES) are suitable tools to accelerate satellite mission development from concet to deployment. One core element of these E2ES is the generation of synthetic scenes that are observed by the various…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-10 J. Vicent , J. Verrelst , J. P. Rivera-Caicedo , N. Sabater , J. Muñoz-Marí , G. Camps-Valls , J. Moreno

Trends in terrestrial temperature variability are perhaps more relevant for species viability than trends in mean temperature. In this paper, we develop methodology for estimating such trends using multi-resolution climate data from polar…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-01-23 Arash Khodadadi , Daniel J McDonald

The redshifted 21-cm signal from the Cosmic Dawn and Epoch of Reionization carries invaluable information about the cosmology and astrophysics of the early Universe. Analyzing data from a sky-averaged 21-cm signal experiment requires…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-06-16 Anchal Saxena , P. Daniel Meerburg , Christoph Weniger , Eloy de Lera Acedo , Will Handley

Improving the representation of precipitation in Earth system models (ESMs) is critical for assessing the impacts of climate change and especially of extreme events like floods and droughts. In existing ESMs, precipitation is not resolved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Michael Aich , Sebastian Bathiany , Philipp Hess , Yu Huang , Niklas Boers

The transmission matrix (TM) is a representation to describe the light scattering process through a scattering medium. The degree of control elements in TM is correlated with the capacity of evaluating enormous equations with tremendous…

Optics · Physics 2020-11-25 Shu Guo , Hao Zhang , Wenxue Li , Lin Pang

Precise and reliable climate projections are required for climate adaptation and mitigation, but Earth system models still exhibit great uncertainties. Several approaches have been developed to reduce the spread of climate projections and…

Recently 3D hydrodynamical simulations of stellar surface convection have become feasible thanks to advances in computer technology and efficient numerical algorithms. Available observational diagnostics indicate that these models are…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Martin Asplund , Remo Collet