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Unsupervised out-of-distribution (OOD) Detection aims to separate the samples falling outside the distribution of training data without label information. Among numerous branches, contrastive learning has shown its excellent capability of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Menglong Chen , Xingtai Gui , Shicai Fan

Robustness is a fundamental aspect for developing safe and trustworthy models, particularly when they are deployed in the open world. In this work we analyze the inherent capability of one-stage object detectors to robustly operate in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Aitor Martinez-Seras , Javier Del Ser , Aitzol Olivares-Rad , Alain Andres , Pablo Garcia-Bringas

Since the seminal paper of Hendrycks et al. arXiv:1610.02136, Post-hoc deep Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection has expanded rapidly. As a result, practitioners working on safety-critical applications and seeking to improve the robustness…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-11 Paul Novello , Yannick Prudent , Joseba Dalmau , Corentin Friedrich , Yann Pequignot

There are limited works showing the efficacy of unsupervised Out-of-Distribution (OOD) methods on complex medical data. Here, we present preliminary findings of our unsupervised OOD detection algorithm, SimCLR-LOF, as well as a recent state…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-10 Max Torop , Sandesh Ghimire , Wenqian Liu , Dana H. Brooks , Octavia Camps , Milind Rajadhyaksha , Jennifer Dy , Kivanc Kose

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to identify test examples that do not belong to the training distribution and are thus unlikely to be predicted reliably. Despite a plethora of existing works, most of them focused only on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Reza Averly , Wei-Lun Chao

Unsupervised Anomaly detection (AD) requires building a notion of normalcy, distinguishing in-distribution (ID) and out-of-distribution (OOD) data, using only available ID samples. Recently, large gains were made on this task for the domain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Mohamed Yousef , Marcel Ackermann , Unmesh Kurup , Tom Bishop

Robustness against Out-of-Distribution (OoD) samples is a key performance indicator of a trajectory prediction model. However, the development and ranking of state-of-the-art (SotA) models are driven by their In-Distribution (ID)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Yue Yao , Shengchao Yan , Daniel Goehring , Wolfram Burgard , Joerg Reichardt

Out-of-Distribution (OoD) detection has developed substantially in the past few years, with available methods approaching, and in a few cases achieving, perfect data separation on standard benchmarks. These results generally involve large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-23 Jarrod Haas

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential to prevent anomalous inputs from causing a model to fail during deployment. While improved OOD detection methods have emerged, they often rely on the final layer outputs and require a full…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Ziqian Lin , Sreya Dutta Roy , Yixuan Li

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the trustworthiness of AI systems. Methods using prior information (i.e., subspace-based methods) have shown effective performance by extracting information geometry to detect OOD data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Kaiyu Guo , Zijian Wang , Tan Pan , Brian C. Lovell , Mahsa Baktashmotlagh

Discriminatively trained neural classifiers can be trusted, only when the input data comes from the training distribution (in-distribution). Therefore, detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is very important to avoid classification…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Sachin Vernekar , Ashish Gaurav , Taylor Denouden , Buu Phan , Vahdat Abdelzad , Rick Salay , Krzysztof Czarnecki

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data is crucial for ensuring the safe deployment of machine learning models in real-world applications. However, existing OOD detection approaches primarily rely on the feature maps or the full gradient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Sima Behpour , Thang Doan , Xin Li , Wenbin He , Liang Gou , Liu Ren

We consider the problem of detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples in deep reinforcement learning. In a value based reinforcement learning setting, we propose to use uncertainty estimation techniques directly on the agent's value…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-09 Andreas Sedlmeier , Thomas Gabor , Thomy Phan , Lenz Belzner , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is crucial to the safe deployment of a classifier in the real world. However, deep neural networks are known to be overconfident for abnormal data. Existing works directly design score function by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-06 Wenyu Jiang , Yuxin Ge , Hao Cheng , Mingcai Chen , Shuai Feng , Chongjun Wang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical for safety-sensitive machine learning applications and has been extensively studied, yielding a plethora of methods developed in the literature. However, most studies for OOD detection did not…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Atsuyuki Miyai , Qing Yu , Go Irie , Kiyoharu Aizawa

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is an indispensable aspect of secure AI when deploying machine learning models in real-world applications. Previous paradigms either explore better scoring functions or utilize the knowledge of outliers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Jianing Zhu , Hengzhuang Li , Jiangchao Yao , Tongliang Liu , Jianliang Xu , Bo Han

Open-set semi-supervised learning (open-set SSL) investigates a challenging but practical scenario where out-of-distribution (OOD) samples are contained in the unlabeled data. While the mainstream technique seeks to completely filter out…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Junkai Huang , Chaowei Fang , Weikai Chen , Zhenhua Chai , Xiaolin Wei , Pengxu Wei , Liang Lin , Guanbin Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection identifies test samples that fall outside a model's training distribution, a capability critical for safe deployment in high-stakes applications. Standard OOD detectors are trained on a specific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Shawn Li , You Qin , Jiate Li , Charith Peris , Lisa Bauer , Roger Zimmermann , Yue Zhao

Unsupervised out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to identify out-of-domain data by learning only from unlabeled In-Distribution (ID) training samples, which is crucial for developing a safe real-world machine learning system. Current…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ying Yang , De Cheng , Chaowei Fang , Yubiao Wang , Changzhe Jiao , Lechao Cheng , Nannan Wang

Near out-of-distribution detection (OODD) aims at discriminating semantically similar data points without the supervision required for classification. This paper puts forward an OODD use case for radar targets detection extensible to other…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-06 Martin Bauw , Santiago Velasco-Forero , Jesus Angulo , Claude Adnet , Olivier Airiau