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Machine learning (ML)-based network intrusion detection is susceptible to attacks that perturb malicious network flows to evade detection. Existing approaches to evaluating the robustness of these models rely on gradient-based optimization…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Kyle Domico , Jean-Charles Noirot Ferrand , Patrick McDaniel

Penetration testing the organised attack of a computer system in order to test existing defences has been used extensively to evaluate network security. This is a time consuming process and requires in-depth knowledge for the establishment…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Khuong Tran , Ashlesha Akella , Maxwell Standen , Junae Kim , David Bowman , Toby Richer , Chin-Teng Lin

Penetration testing is a vital practice for identifying and mitigating vulnerabilities in cybersecurity systems, but its manual execution is labor-intensive and time-consuming. Existing large language model (LLM)-assisted or automated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-24 He Kong , Die Hu , Jingguo Ge , Liangxiong Li , Tong Li , Bingzhen Wu

Penetration testing is essential to ensure Web security, which can detect and fix vulnerabilities in advance, and prevent data leakage and serious consequences. The powerful inference capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have made…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Benlong Wu , Guoqiang Chen , Kejiang Chen , Xiuwei Shang , Jiapeng Han , Yanru He , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu

Test point insertion (TPI) is a widely used technique for testability enhancement, especially for logic built-in self-test (LBIST) due to its relatively low fault coverage. In this paper, we propose a novel TPI approach based on deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Zhengyuan Shi , Min Li , Sadaf Khan , Liuzheng Wang , Naixing Wang , Yu Huang , Qiang Xu

In generative adversarial imitation learning (GAIL), the agent aims to learn a policy from an expert demonstration so that its performance cannot be discriminated from the expert policy on a certain predefined reward set. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-20 Zhihan Liu , Yufeng Zhang , Zuyue Fu , Zhuoran Yang , Zhaoran Wang

Penetration testing is the process of searching for security weaknesses by simulating an attack. It is usually performed by experienced professionals, where scanning and attack tools are applied. By automating the execution of such tools,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Norman Becker , Daniel Reti , Evridiki V. Ntagiou , Marcus Wallum , Hans D. Schotten

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) represent a growing menace to modern digital infrastructure. Unlike traditional cyberattacks, APTs are stealthy, adaptive, and long-lasting, often bypassing signature-based detection systems. This paper…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Sidahmed Benabderrahmane , Talal Rahwan

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) by retrieving relevant documents from external sources to improve factual accuracy and verifiability. However, this reliance introduces new attack surfaces within…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Saket S. Chaturvedi , Gaurav Bagwe , Lan Zhang , Xiaoyong Yuan

Automated penetration testing (AutoPT) powered by large language models (LLMs) has gained attention for its ability to automate ethical hacking processes and identify vulnerabilities in target systems by leveraging the inherent knowledge of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Hanzheng Dai , Yuanliang Li , Jun Yan , Zhibo Zhang

The boundaries of cyber-physical systems (CPS) and the Internet of Things (IoT) are converging together day by day to introduce a common platform on hybrid systems. Moreover, the combination of artificial intelligence (AI) with CPS creates…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-02 Md Hasan Shahriar , Nur Imtiazul Haque , Mohammad Ashiqur Rahman , Miguel Alonso

As a form of artificial intelligence (AI) technology based on interactive learning, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been widely applied across various fields and has achieved remarkable accomplishments. However, DRL faces certain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Geng Sun , Wenwen Xie , Dusit Niyato , Fang Mei , Jiawen Kang , Hongyang Du , Shiwen Mao

Hacking poses a significant threat to cybersecurity, inflicting billions of dollars in damages annually. To mitigate these risks, ethical hacking, or penetration testing, is employed to identify vulnerabilities in systems and networks.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Isamu Isozaki , Manil Shrestha , Rick Console , Edward Kim

Advanced persistent threats (APTs) are sophisticated cyber attacks that can remain undetected for extended periods, making their mitigation particularly challenging. Given their persistence, significant effort is required to detect them and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Parth Atulbhai Gandhi , Prasanna N. Wudali , Yonatan Amaru , Yuval Elovici , Asaf Shabtai

Generative adversarial imitation learning (GAIL) demonstrates tremendous success in practice, especially when combined with neural networks. Different from reinforcement learning, GAIL learns both policy and reward function from expert…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Yufeng Zhang , Qi Cai , Zhuoran Yang , Zhaoran Wang

Recently, GAIL framework and various variants have shown remarkable possibilities for solving practical MDP problems. However, detailed researches of low-level, and high-dimensional state input in this framework, such as image sequences,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Wonsup Shin , Hyolim Kang , Sunghoon Hong

One of the most common and important destructive attacks on the victim system is Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)-attack. The APT attacker can achieve his hostile goals by obtaining information and gaining financial benefits regarding the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Javad Hassannataj Joloudari , Mojtaba Haderbadi , Amir Mashmool , Mohammad GhasemiGol , Shahab S. , Amir Mosavi

Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning (GAIL) trains a generative policy to mimic a demonstrator. It uses on-policy Reinforcement Learning (RL) to optimize a reward signal derived from a GAN-like discriminator. A major drawback of GAIL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Tianjiao Luo , Tim Pearce , Huayu Chen , Jianfei Chen , Jun Zhu

This paper presents a novel approach to intrusion detection by integrating traditional signature-based methods with the contextual understanding capabilities of the GPT-2 Large Language Model (LLM). As cyber threats become increasingly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Mohammad F. Al-Hammouri , Yazan Otoum , Rasha Atwa , Amiya Nayak

As Network-on-Chip (NoC) and Wireless Sensor Network architectures continue to scale, the topology of the underlying network becomes a critical factor in performance. Gaussian Interconnected Networks based on the arithmetic of Gaussian…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Mohammad Walid Charrwi , Zaid Hussain