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Interactive theorem provers have been used extensively to reason about various software/hardware systems and mathematical theorems. The key challenge when using an interactive prover is finding a suitable sequence of proof steps that will…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-05-15 Thomas Gransden , Neil Walkinshaw , Rajeev Raman

An introductory formal languages course exposes advanced undergraduate and early graduate students to automata theory, grammars, constructive proofs, computability, and decidability. Programming students find these topics to be challenging…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-12-17 Marco T. Morazán , Rosario Antunez

Previous works in prompt engineering for large language models have introduced different gradient-free probability-based prompt selection methods that aim to choose the optimal prompt among the candidates for a given task but have failed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Sohee Yang , Jonghyeon Kim , Joel Jang , Seonghyeon Ye , Hyunji Lee , Minjoon Seo

The Extended Finite State Machine (EFSM) is one of the most popular modeling approaches for model-based testing. However, EFSM-based test case generation is susceptible to the infeasible (inexecutable) path problem, which stems from the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Zhijie Pan , Ting Shu , Zuohua Ding

We define and study a new type of quantum oracle, the quantum conditional oracle, which provides oracle access to the conditional probabilities associated with an underlying distribution. Amongst other properties, we (a) obtain speed-ups…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-07 Imdad S. B. Sardharwalla , Sergii Strelchuk , Richard Jozsa

Finite-state reasoning, the ability to understand and implement state-dependent behavior, is central to hardware design. In this paper, we present LLM-FSM, a benchmark that evaluates how well large language models (LLMs) can recover…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yuheng Wu , Berk Gokmen , Zhouhua Xie , Peijing Li , Caroline Trippel , Priyanka Raina , Thierry Tambe

Software testing is normally used to check the validity of a program. Test oracle performs an important role in software testing. The focus in this research is to perform class level test by introducing a testing framework. A technique is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-08-27 Munib Ahmad , Fuad Bajaber , M. Rizwan Jameel Qureshi

Automated unit test generation aims to improve software quality while reducing the time and effort required for creating tests manually. However, existing techniques primarily generate regression oracles that predicate on the implemented…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Adam Bodicoat , Gunel Jahangirova , Valerio Terragni

Large Language Models (LLMs) execute complex multi-turn interaction protocols but lack formal specifications to verify execution against designer intent. We introduce FASTRIC, a Prompt Specification Language that makes implicit Finite State…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Wen-Long Jin

The approach described here allows to use the fuzzy Object Based Representation of imprecise and uncertain knowledge. This representation has a great practical interest due to the possibility to realize reasoning on classification with a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-06-13 Mohamed Nazih Omri

Machine learning may enable the automated generation of test oracles. We have characterized emerging research in this area through a systematic literature review examining oracle types, researcher goals, the ML techniques applied, how the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Afonso Fontes , Gregory Gay

An oracle determines whether the output of a program for executed test cases is correct. For machine learning programs, such an oracle is often unavailable or impractical to apply. Metamorphic testing addresses this by using metamorphic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Madhusudan Srinivasan , Upulee Kanewala

Restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs) have demonstrated considerable success as variational quantum states; however, their representational power remains incompletely understood. In this work, we present an analytical proof that RBMs can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-29 Yuan-Hang Zhang , Zhian Jia , Yu-Chun Wu , Guang-Can Guo

Model selection/optimization in conformal inference is challenging, since it may break the exchangeability between labeled and unlabeled data. We study this problem in the context of conformal selection, which uses conformal p-values to…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-28 Tian Bai , Ying Jin

This book explores an alternative to the current dominant paradigm where a discrete computer model is constructed as an attempt to approximate some continuum theory. We focus on a class of discrete computer models that are based on simple…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-04-14 Garry Pantelis

Uncertain partially observable Markov decision processes (uPOMDPs) allow the probabilistic transition and observation functions of standard POMDPs to belong to a so-called uncertainty set. Such uncertainty, referred to as epistemic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Murat Cubuktepe , Nils Jansen , Sebastian Junges , Ahmadreza Marandi , Marnix Suilen , Ufuk Topcu

In software testing, a set of test cases is constructed according to some predefined selection criteria. The software is then examined against these test cases. Three interesting observations have been made on the current artifacts of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-03-02 T. Y. Chen , S. C. Cheung , S. M. Yiu

Approximate inference in dynamic systems is the problem of estimating the state of the system given a sequence of actions and partial observations. High precision estimation is fundamental in many applications like diagnosis, natural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-06-18 Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Eyal Amir

Motivated by safety-critical applications in cyber-physical systems, in this paper we study the notion of critical observability and design of observers for networks of Finite State Machines (FSMs). Critical observability is a property of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-02-02 Davide Pezzuti , Giordano Pola , Elena De Santis , Maria D. Di Benedetto

We tackle robust optimization problems under objective uncertainty in the oracle model, i.e., when the deterministic problem is solved by an oracle. The oracle-based setup is favorable in many situations, e.g., when a compact formulation of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-06 Mathieu Besançon , Jannis Kurtz