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The pursuit of human-like conversational agents has long been guided by the Turing test. For modern speech-to-speech (S2S) systems, a critical yet unanswered question is whether they can converse like humans. To tackle this, we conduct the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xiang Li , Jiabao Gao , Sipei Lin , Xuan Zhou , Chi Zhang , Bo Cheng , Jiale Han , Benyou Wang

The development of Open-Domain Dialogue Systems (ODS)is a trending topic due to the large number of research challenges, large societal and business impact, and advances in the underlying technology. However, the development of these kinds…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Chen Zhang , João Sedoc , Luis Fernando D'Haro , Rafael Banchs , Alexander Rudnicky

We describe experiments towards building a conversational digital assistant that considers the preferred conversational style of the user. In particular, these experiments are designed to measure whether users prefer and trust an assistant…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-04-04 Katherine Metcalf , Barry-John Theobald , Garrett Weinberg , Robert Lee , Ing-Marie Jonsson , Russ Webb , Nicholas Apostoloff

Developing language model-based dialogue agents requires effective data to train models that can follow specific task logic. However, most existing data simulation methods focus on increasing diversity in language, topics, or dialogue acts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Wanyu Du , Song Feng , James Gung , Lijia Sun , Yi Zhang , Saab Mansour , Yanjun Qi

Enhancing user engagement through interactions plays an essential role in socially-driven dialogues. While prior works have optimized models to reason over relevant knowledge or plan a dialogue act flow, the relationship between user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Jiashuo Wang , Kaitao Song , Chunpu Xu , Changhe Song , Yang Xiao , Dongsheng Li , Lili Qiu , Wenjie Li

The reasoning capability of large language models (LLMs), defined as their ability to analyze, infer, and make decisions based on input information, is essential for building intelligent task-oriented dialogue systems. However, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Yu Zhu , Kai Yang

Due to the significance and value in human-computer interaction and natural language processing, task-oriented dialog systems are attracting more and more attention in both academic and industrial communities. In this paper, we survey…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-24 Zheng Zhang , Ryuichi Takanobu , Qi Zhu , Minlie Huang , Xiaoyan Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable breakthroughs in new dialogue capabilities by leveraging instruction tuning, which refreshes human impressions of dialogue systems. The long-standing goal of dialogue systems is to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Jiao Ou , Junda Lu , Che Liu , Yihong Tang , Fuzheng Zhang , Di Zhang , Kun Gai

Dialogue systems and large language models (LLMs) have gained considerable attention. However, the direct utilization of LLMs as task-oriented dialogue (TOD) models has been found to underperform compared to smaller task-specific models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Zhiyuan Hu , Yue Feng , Anh Tuan Luu , Bryan Hooi , Aldo Lipani

The goal of building dialogue agents that can converse with humans naturally has been a long-standing dream of researchers since the early days of artificial intelligence. The well-known Turing Test proposed to judge the ultimate validity…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Tom Young

User simulators serve as the critical interactive environment for agent post-training, and an ideal user simulator generalizes across domains and proactively engages in negotiation by challenging or bargaining. However, current methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Feng Zhang , Shijia Li , Chunmao Zhang , Zhanyu Ma , Jun Xu , Jiuchong Gao , Jinghua Hao , Renqing He , Jingwen Xu , Han Liu

User simulation is increasingly vital to develop and evaluate recommender systems (RSs). While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer promising avenues to simulate user behavior, they often struggle with the absence of specific task alignment…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Tianjun Wei , Huizhong Guo , Yingpeng Du , Zhu Sun , Huang Chen , Dongxia Wang , Jie Zhang

Task-oriented dialogue systems help users accomplish tasks such as booking a movie ticket and ordering food via conversation. Generative models parameterized by a deep neural network are widely used for next turn response generation in such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Prasanna Parthasarathi , Arvind Neelakantan , Sharan Narang

Many recently published Text-to-Speech (TTS) systems produce audio close to real speech. However, TTS evaluation needs to be revisited to make sense of the results obtained with the new architectures, approaches and datasets. We propose…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-03 Christoph Minixhofer , Ondřej Klejch , Peter Bell

We present SalesSim, a framework and testbed for evaluating the ability of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to simulate realistic, persona-driven customer behavior in multi-turn, multi-modal, tool-augmented online retail…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yada Pruksachatkun , Elaine Wan , Lyanna Chen , Kai-Wei Chang , Chien-Sheng Wu

Driven by the rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly Audio-LLMs and Omni-models, spoken dialogue systems have evolved significantly, progressively narrowing the gap between human-machine and human-human…

While modern dialogue systems heavily rely on large language models (LLMs), their implementation often goes beyond pure LLM interaction. Developers integrate multiple LLMs, external tools, and databases. Therefore, assessment of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Roman Mayr , Michel Schimpf , Thomas Bohné

We present metrics for evaluating dialog systems through a psychologically-grounded "human" lens in which conversational agents express a diversity of both states (e.g., emotion) and traits (e.g., personality), just as people do. We present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Salvatore Giorgi , Shreya Havaldar , Farhan Ahmed , Zuhaib Akhtar , Shalaka Vaidya , Gary Pan , Lyle H. Ungar , H. Andrew Schwartz , Joao Sedoc

Recent advancements in dialogue policy planning have emphasized optimizing system agent policies to achieve predefined goals, focusing on strategy design, trajectory acquisition, and efficient training paradigms. However, these approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Tao He , Lizi Liao , Ming Liu , Bing Qin

Dialogue summarization is abstractive in nature, making it suffer from factual errors. The factual correctness of summaries has the highest priority before practical applications. Many efforts have been made to improve faithfulness in text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Bin Wang , Chen Zhang , Yan Zhang , Yiming Chen , Haizhou Li