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In this paper, we offer to the reader an essential review of the theory of Fluctuation-Dissipation Relations (FDR), from the first formulations due to Einstein and Onsager, to the recent developments in the framework of stochastic…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-12-07 Marco Baldovin , Lorenzo Caprini , Andrea Puglisi , Alessandro Sarracino , Angelo Vulpiani

The spiking activity of single neurons can be well described by a nonlinear integrate-and-fire model that includes somatic adaptation. When exposed to fluctuating inputs sparsely coupled populations of these model neurons exhibit stochastic…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2017-07-20 Moritz Augustin , Josef Ladenbauer , Fabian Baumann , Klaus Obermayer

We consider $N$ uniformly-accelerating Unruh-DeWitt detectors whose internal degrees of freedom are coupled to a massless scalar field in $(1+1)$D Minkowski space. We use the influence functional formalism to derive the Langevin equations…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-08-07 J. -T. Hsiang , B. L. Hu , S. -Y. Lin

This essay fuses concepts and approaches used to describe fluctuating phenomena in climate systems and statistical mechanics, and explores new ideas essential for understanding such phenomena. Its starting points are the Langevin equation…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Jin-Song von Storch

Time-integrated state observables, which quantify the fraction of time spent by the system in a specific pool of states, are important in many fields, such as chemical sensing or the theory of fluorescence spectroscopy. We derive exact…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-02-23 Krzysztof Ptaszynski , Timur Aslyamov , Massimiliano Esposito

We study transient work Fluctuation Relations (FRs) for Gaussian stochastic systems generating anomalous diffusion. For this purpose we use a Langevin approach by employing two different types of additive noise: (i) internal noise where the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2013-01-18 Aleksei V. Chechkin , Friedrich Lenz , Rainer Klages

The fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) is a simple yet powerful consequence of the first-order differential equation governing the dynamics of systems subject simultaneously to dissipative and stochastic forces. The linear learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Manhyung Han , Jeonghyeok Park , Taewoong Lee , Jung Hoon Han

In this paper we re-examine the traditional problem of connecting the internal fluctuations of a system to its response to external forcings and extend the classical theory in order to be able to encompass also nonlinear processes. With…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-04 Valerio Lucarini , Matteo Colangeli

We investigate the non-equilibrium character of self-propelled particles through the study of the linear response of the active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particle (AOUP) model. We express the linear response in terms of correlations computed in…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-12-14 Lorenzo Caprini , Andrea Puglisi , Alessandro Sarracino

For most stochastic dynamical systems, variables which are tightly regulated tend to respond slowly to external changes. This idea is often discussed for applicable systems, within a linear response regime, through the Fluctuation…

General Physics · Physics 2017-11-15 Nash Rochman , Sean X. Sun

In nonequilibrium steady states of Markov jump processes, we derive exact Fluctuation-Response Relations (FRRs) that express the covariance between any pair of currents in terms of static responses in a notably simple form, thus…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-04-17 Timur Aslyamov , Krzysztof Ptaszyński , Massimiliano Esposito

The fluctuation-dissipation theorem is a cornerstone result in statistical mechanics that can be used to translate the statistics of the free natural variability of a system into information on its forced response to perturbations. By…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-06-19 Niccolò Zagli , Matthew Colbrook , Valerio Lucarini , Igor Mezić , John Moroney

We derive generalized Fluctuation-Dissipation Relations (FDR) holding for a general stochastic dynamics that includes as subcases both equilibrium models for passive colloids and non-equilibrium models used to describe active particles. The…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-03-15 Lorenzo Caprini

We derive spectral fluctuation--dissipation--response inequalities for finite-state Markov jump processes. By comparing the causal susceptibility to its passive equilibrium reference, we establish frequency-resolved and frequency-integrated…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-04-23 Jie Gu

Recently, novel exact identities known as Fluctuation-Response Relations (FRRs) have been derived for nonequilibrium steady states of Markov jump processes. These identities link the fluctuations of state or current observables to a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-02-23 Krzysztof Ptaszynski , Timur Aslyamov , Massimiliano Esposito

We study in this paper the effect of an unique initial stimulation on random recurrent networks of leaky integrate and fire neurons. Indeed given a stochastic connectivity this so-called spontaneous mode exhibits various non trivial…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2007-05-23 H. Soula , G. Beslon , O. Mazet

The computation performed by a neuron can be formulated as a combination of dimensional reduction in stimulus space and the nonlinearity inherent in a spiking output. White noise stimulus and reverse correlation (the spike-triggered average…

Biological Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Blaise Aguera y Arcas , Adrienne Fairhall

Pairs of neurons in brain networks often share much of the input they receive from other neurons. Due to essential non-linearities of neuronal dynamics, the consequences for the correlation of the output spike trains are not well understood…

Biological Physics · Physics 2017-02-08 Taskin Deniz , Stefan Rotter

Non-equilibrium stationary fluctuations may exhibit a special symmetry called fluctuation relations (FR). Here, we show that this property is always satisfied by the subtraction of two random and independent variables related by a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2011-12-13 Adrian A. Budini

We consider a threshold-crossing spiking process as a simple model for the activity within a population of neurons. Assuming that these neurons are driven by a common fluctuating input with Gaussian statistics, we evaluate the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2009-06-11 Yoram Burak , Sam Lewallen , Haim Sompolinsky