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The reasonable definition of semantic interpretability presents the core challenge in explainable AI. This paper proposes a method to modify a traditional convolutional neural network (CNN) into an interpretable compositional CNN, in order…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Wen Shen , Zhihua Wei , Shikun Huang , Binbin Zhang , Jiaqi Fan , Ping Zhao , Quanshi Zhang

Convolutional neural networks have remarkably progressed the performance of distinguishing plant diseases, severity grading, and nutrition deficiency prediction using leaf images. However, these tasks become more challenging in a realistic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Asish Bera , Subhajit Roy , Sudiptendu Banerjee

Concept Activation Vectors (CAVs) offer insights into neural network decision-making by linking human friendly concepts to the model's internal feature extraction process. However, when a new set of CAVs is discovered, they must still be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Laines Schmalwasser , Jakob Gawlikowski , Joachim Denzler , Julia Niebling

Convolutional neural network based systems have largely failed to be adopted in many high-risk application areas, including healthcare, military, security, transportation, finance, and legal, due to their highly uninterpretable "black-box"…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-23 Rodney LaLonde , Drew Torigian , Ulas Bagci

A reliable representation of uncertainty is essential for the application of modern machine learning methods in safety-critical settings. In this regard, the use of credal sets (i.e., convex sets of probability distributions) has recently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Paul Hofman , Timo Löhr , Maximilian Muschalik , Yusuf Sale , Eyke Hüllermeier

Deep models are used for molecular property prediction, yet they are often difficult to interpret and may rely on spurious context rather than causal structure, which reduces reliability under distribution shift and harms predictive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Tao Li , Kaiyuan Hou , Tuan Vinh , Monika Raj , Carl Yang

Human intelligence effortlessly interprets visual scenes along a rich spectrum of semantic dimensions. However, existing approaches to language-grounded visual concept learning are limited to a few predefined primitive axes, such as color…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Whie Jung , Semin Kim , Junee Kim , Seunghoon Hong

Concept-based models aim to explain model decisions with human-understandable concepts. However, most existing approaches treat concepts as numerical attributes, without providing complementary visual explanations that could localize the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Cristiano Patrício , Luís F. Teixeira , João C. Neves

Interpretable machine learning is rapidly becoming a crucial tool for scientific discovery. Among existing approaches, variational autoencoders (VAEs) have shown promise in extracting the hidden physical features of some input data, with no…

The opaque reasoning of Graph Neural Networks induces a lack of human trust. Existing graph network explainers attempt to address this issue by providing post-hoc explanations, however, they fail to make the model itself more interpretable.…

The interpretability of machine learning models has been an essential area of research for the safe deployment of machine learning systems. One particular approach is to attribute model decisions to high-level concepts that humans can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Varsha Pendyala , Jihye Choi

Model explanations can be valuable for interpreting and debugging predictive models. We study a specific kind called Concept Explanations, where the goal is to interpret a model using human-understandable concepts. Although popular for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Vihari Piratla , Juyeon Heo , Katherine M. Collins , Sukriti Singh , Adrian Weller

Interpreting a large number of neurons in deep learning is difficult. Our proposed `CLAssifier-DECoder' architecture (ClaDec) facilitates the understanding of the output of an arbitrary layer of neurons or subsets thereof. It uses a decoder…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Johannes Schneider , Michail Vlachos

The use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for classification tasks has become dominant in various medical imaging applications. At the same time, recent advances in interpretable machine learning techniques have shown great potential…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-02 Irina Grigorescu , Lucilio Cordero-Grande , A David Edwards , Jo Hajnal , Marc Modat , Maria Deprez

Model interpretability is an increasingly important component of practical machine learning. Some of the most common forms of interpretability systems are example-based, local, and global explanations. One of the main challenges in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-08 Gregory Plumb , Denali Molitor , Ameet Talwalkar

Model explainability is essential for the creation of trustworthy Machine Learning models in healthcare. An ideal explanation resembles the decision-making process of a domain expert and is expressed using concepts or terminology that is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Sumedha Singla , Stephen Wallace , Sofia Triantafillou , Kayhan Batmanghelich

Probabilistic logical rule learning has shown great strength in logical rule mining and knowledge graph completion. It learns logical rules to predict missing edges by reasoning on existing edges in the knowledge graph. However, previous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Chi Han , Qizheng He , Charles Yu , Xinya Du , Hanghang Tong , Heng Ji

Interest in understanding and factorizing learned embedding spaces through conceptual explanations is steadily growing. When no human concept labels are available, concept discovery methods search trained embedding spaces for interpretable…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-07 Tobias Leemann , Michael Kirchhof , Yao Rong , Enkelejda Kasneci , Gjergji Kasneci

The lack of transparency in the decision-making processes of deep learning systems presents a significant challenge in modern artificial intelligence (AI), as it impairs users' ability to rely on and verify these systems. To address this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-18 David Debot , Pietro Barbiero , Francesco Giannini , Gabriele Ciravegna , Michelangelo Diligenti , Giuseppe Marra

There is a growing concern about typically opaque decision-making with high-performance machine learning algorithms. Providing an explanation of the reasoning process in domain-specific terms can be crucial for adoption in risk-sensitive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Aditya Chattopadhyay , Stewart Slocum , Benjamin D. Haeffele , Rene Vidal , Donald Geman