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This paper reviews the recent literature on solving the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT), an archetypal NP-complete problem, with the help of machine learning techniques. Despite the great success of modern SAT solvers to solve large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Wenxuan Guo , Junchi Yan , Hui-Ling Zhen , Xijun Li , Mingxuan Yuan , Yaohui Jin

We present a Satisfiability (SAT)-based approach for building Mixed Covering Arrays with Constraints of minimum length, referred to as the Covering Array Number problem. This problem is central in Combinatorial Testing for the detection of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-27 Carlos Ansótegui , Felip Manyà , Jesus Ojeda , Josep M. Salvia , Eduard Torres

We introduce the problem of finding a satisfying assignment to a CNF formula that must further belong to a prescribed input subspace. Equivalent formulations of the problem include finding a point outside a union of subspaces (the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Vikraman Arvind , Venkatesan Guruswami

A major problem in evaluating stochastic local search algorithms for NP-complete problems is the need for a systematic generation of hard test instances having previously known properties of the optimal solutions. On the basis of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-07 W. Barthel , A. K. Hartmann , M. Leone , F. Ricci-Tersenghi , M. Weigt , R. Zecchina

Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) is fundamental to many applications. Existing works have used graph neural networks (GNNs) for (approximate) SAT solving. Typical GNN-based end-to-end SAT solvers predict SAT solutions concurrently. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Zhiyuan Yan , Min Li , Zhengyuan Shi , Wenjie Zhang , Yingcong Chen , Hongce Zhang

Going as far as possible at SAT problem solving is the main aim of our work. For this sake we have made use of quantum computing from its two, on practice, main models of computation. They have required some reformulations over the former…

In this contribution, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of graph neural networks applied to Boolean satisfiability problems, accompanied by an intuitive explanation of the mechanisms enabling the model to generalize to different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-03 David Mojžíšek , Jan Hůla , Ziwei Li , Ziyu Zhou , Mikoláš Janota

In computational complexity theory, a decision problem is NP-complete when it is both in NP and NP-hard. Although a solution to a NP-complete can be verified quickly, there is no known algorithm to solve it in polynomial time. There exists…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Wenxia Guo , Jin Wang , Majun He , Xiaoqin Ren , Wenhong Tian , Qingxian Wang

We give a general method of construting quantum circuit for random \QTR{it}{satisfiability} (SAT) problems with the basic logic gates such as multi-qubit controlled-NOT and NOT gates. The sizes of these circuits are almost the same as the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Xinhua Peng , Xiwen Zhu , Kelin Gao

In the Planar 3-SAT problem, we are given a 3-SAT formula together with its incidence graph, which is planar, and are asked whether this formula is satisfiable. Since Lichtenstein's proof that this problem is NP-complete, it has been used…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Alexander Pilz

Majority-SAT is the problem of determining whether an input $n$-variable formula in conjunctive normal form (CNF) has at least $2^{n-1}$ satisfying assignments. Majority-SAT and related problems have been studied extensively in various AI…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Shyan Akmal , Ryan Williams

A 3-SAT problem is called positive and planar if all the literals are positive and the clause-variable incidence graph (i.e., SAT graph) is planar. The NAE 3-SAT and 1-in-3-SAT are two variants of 3-SAT that remain NP-complete even when…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Md. Manzurul Hasan , Debajyoti Mondal , Md. Saidur Rahman

The Maximum Satisfiability (MaxSAT) problem is the problem of finding a truth assignment that maximizes the number of satisfied clauses of a given Boolean formula in Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF). Many exact solvers for MaxSAT have been…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-13 Mohamed El Halaby

The Circuit Satisfiability (CSAT) problem, a variant of the Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problem, plays a critical role in integrated circuit design and verification. However, existing SAT solvers, optimized for Conjunctive Normal Form…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Zhengyuan Shi , Tiebing Tang , Jiaying Zhu , Sadaf Khan , Hui-Ling Zhen , Mingxuan Yuan , Zhufei Chu , Qiang Xu

This is the latest in a series of articles aimed at exploring the relationship between the complexity classes of P and NP. In the previous papers, we have proved that the sat CNF problem is polynomially reduced to the problem of finding a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Stepan G. Margaryan

The Model-Constructing Satisfiability Calculus (MCSAT) framework has been applied to SMT problems over various arithmetic theories. NLSAT, an implementation using cylindrical algebraic decomposition (CAD) for explanation, is especially…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhonghan Wang

The Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) holds a central place in computational complexity theory as the first shown NP-complete problem. Due to this role, SAT is often used as the benchmark for polynomial-time reductions: if a problem can…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Yumiko Nishiyama

With the rapid development of deep learning techniques, various recent work has tried to apply graph neural networks (GNNs) to solve NP-hard problems such as Boolean Satisfiability (SAT), which shows the potential in bridging the gap…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Minghao Liu , Fuqi Jia , Pei Huang , Fan Zhang , Yuchen Sun , Shaowei Cai , Feifei Ma , Jian Zhang

Boolean Satisfiability problems are vital components in Electronic Design Automation, particularly within the Logic Equivalence Checking process. Currently, SAT solvers are employed for these problems and neural network is tried as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Tsz Ho Chan , Wenyi Xiao , Junhua Huang , Huiling Zhen , Guangji Tian , Mingxuan Yuan

PolySAT is a word-level decision procedure supporting bit-precise SMT reasoning over polynomial arithmetic with large bit-vector operations. The PolySAT calculus extends conflict-driven clause learning modulo theories with two key…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Jakob Rath , Clemens Eisenhofer , Daniela Kaufmann , Nikolaj Bjørner , Laura Kovács