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3D object detection has become indispensable in the field of autonomous driving. To date, gratifying breakthroughs have been recorded in 3D object detection research, attributed to deep learning. However, deep learning algorithms are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Yucheng Zhang , Masaki Fukuda , Yasunori Ishii , Kyoko Ohshima , Takayoshi Yamashita

Data collection for autonomous driving is rapidly accelerating, but manual annotation, especially for 3D labels, remains a major bottleneck due to its high cost and labor intensity. Autolabeling has emerged as a scalable alternative,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Levente Tempfli , Esteban Rivera , Markus Lienkamp

Current state-of-the-art (SOTA) 3D object detection methods often require a large amount of 3D bounding box annotations for training. However, collecting such large-scale densely-supervised datasets is notoriously costly. To reduce the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Chenqiang Gao , Chuandong Liu , Jun Shu , Fangcen Liu , Jiang Liu , Luyu Yang , Xinbo Gao , Deyu Meng

Existing state-of-the-art 3D point clouds understanding methods only perform well in a fully supervised manner. To the best of our knowledge, there exists no unified framework which simultaneously solves the downstream high-level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Kangcheng Liu

LiDAR-based 3D object detection and semantic segmentation are critical tasks in 3D scene understanding. Traditional detection and segmentation methods supervise their models through bounding box labels and semantic mask labels. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Maoji Zheng , Ziyu Xu , Qiming Xia , Hai Wu , Chenglu Wen , Cheng Wang

Semantic segmentation of 3D point cloud data often comes with high annotation costs. Active learning automates the process of selecting which data to annotate, reducing the total amount of annotation needed to achieve satisfactory…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Johannes Meyer , Jasper Hoffmann , Felix Schulz , Dominik Merkle , Daniel Buescher , Alexander Reiterer , Joschka Boedecker , Wolfram Burgard

In this paper, we focus on obtaining 2D and 3D labels, as well as track IDs for objects on the road with the help of a novel 3D Bounding Box Annotation Toolbox (3D BAT). Our open source, web-based 3D BAT incorporates several smart features…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-05-03 Walter Zimmer , Akshay Rangesh , Mohan Trivedi

Learned object detection methods based on fusion of LiDAR and camera data require labeled training samples, but niche applications, such as warehouse robotics or automated infrastructure, require semantic classes not available in large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Ryan Rubel , Andrew Dudash , Mohammad Goli , James O'Hara , Karl Wunderlich

Monocular 3D object detection has achieved impressive performance on densely annotated datasets. However, it struggles when only a fraction of objects are labeled due to the high cost of 3D annotation. This sparsely annotated setting is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Junyoung Jung , Seokwon Kim , Jung Uk Kim

LiDAR-produced point clouds are the major source for most state-of-the-art 3D object detectors. Yet, small, distant, and incomplete objects with sparse or few points are often hard to detect. We present Sparse2Dense, a new framework to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Tianyu Wang , Xiaowei Hu , Zhengzhe Liu , Chi-Wing Fu

Learning 3D scene flow from LiDAR point clouds presents significant difficulties, including poor generalization from synthetic datasets to real scenes, scarcity of real-world 3D labels, and poor performance on real sparse LiDAR point…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Chaokang Jiang , Guangming Wang , Jiuming Liu , Hesheng Wang , Zhuang Ma , Zhenqiang Liu , Zhujin Liang , Yi Shan , Dalong Du

3D object detection has recently received much attention due to its great potential in autonomous vehicle (AV). The success of deep learning based object detectors relies on the availability of large-scale annotated datasets, which is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Jinpeng Lin , Zhihao Liang , Shengheng Deng , Lile Cai , Tao Jiang , Tianrui Li , Kui Jia , Xun Xu

Unsupervised and open-vocabulary 3D object detection has recently gained attention, particularly in autonomous driving, where reducing annotation costs and recognizing unseen objects are critical for both safety and scalability. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-02 In-Jae Lee , Mungyeom Kim , Kwonyoung Ryu , Pierre Musacchio , Jaesik Park

Three-dimensional (3D) object recognition is crucial for intelligent autonomous agents such as autonomous vehicles and robots alike to operate effectively in unstructured environments. Most state-of-art approaches rely on relatively dense…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Prajval Kumar Murali , Cong Wang , Ravinder Dahiya , Mohsen Kaboli

Point cloud segmentation is a fundamental task in 3D scene understanding. Its progress is constrained by the high cost and time required for dense 3D annotations, making labeled samples difficult to obtain. Beyond annotation scarcity,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Thenukan Pathmanathan , Kanchan Keisham , Thangarajah Akilan

Point clouds provide a compact and efficient representation of 3D shapes. While deep neural networks have achieved impressive results on point cloud learning tasks, they require massive amounts of manually labeled data, which can be costly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Omid Poursaeed , Tianxing Jiang , Han Qiao , Nayun Xu , Vladimir G. Kim

We propose a novel scene flow method that captures 3D motions from point clouds without relying on ground-truth scene flow annotations. Due to the irregularity and sparsity of point clouds, it is expensive and time-consuming to acquire…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Bing Li , Cheng Zheng , Guohao Li , Bernard Ghanem

Accurate 3D object detection in LiDAR point clouds is crucial for autonomous driving systems. To achieve state-of-the-art performance, the supervised training of detectors requires large amounts of human-annotated data, which is expensive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Christian Fruhwirth-Reisinger , Wei Lin , Dušan Malić , Horst Bischof , Horst Possegger

3D detection of traffic management objects, such as traffic lights and road signs, is vital for self-driving cars, particularly for address-to-address navigation where vehicles encounter numerous intersections with these static objects.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Sándor Kunsági-Máté , Levente Pető , Lehel Seres , Tamás Matuszka

Semantic segmentation of 3D LiDAR point clouds is important in urban remote sensing for understanding real-world street environments. This task, by projecting LiDAR point clouds and 3D semantic labels as sparse maps, can be reformulated as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Xiaoyu Dong , Tiankui Xian , Wanshui Gan , Naoto Yokoya